±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) >

µÚ19ÕÂ

the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä)-µÚ19ÕÂ

С˵£º the evolution of modern medicine(ÏÖ´úÒ½Ò©µÄÑݱä) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




the¡¡physician¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡as¡¡a¡¡cultivated¡¡gentleman£»¡¡mixing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡

always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sober£»¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡Eryximachus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Acumenus£»¡¡

himself¡¡a¡¡physician£»¡¡plays¡¡in¡¡this¡¡famous¡¡scene¡¡a¡¡typical¡¡Greek¡¡part£§22a£§¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡advocate¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡temperance¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡body£»¡¡¡¡¡¡deprecating£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

physician£»¡¡excess¡¡in¡¡drink£»¡¡he¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡conversation¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡order¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡day¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡the¡¡honor¡¡of¡¡naming¡¡the¡¡subject¡¨Praise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡God¡¡

of¡¡Love¡£¡¨¡¡Incidentally¡¡Eryximachus¡¡gives¡¡his¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡disease£»¡¡

and¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡deeply¡¡he¡¡was¡¡influenced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡views¡¡of¡¡Empedocles£º¡¨¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡54¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



so¡¡too¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body¡¡the¡¡good¡¡and¡¡healthy¡¡elements¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indulged£»¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡bad¡¡elements¡¡and¡¡the¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡disease¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indulged£»¡¡but¡¡

discouraged¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡is¡¡what¡¡the¡¡physician¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡

medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consists£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡generally¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡loves¡¡and¡¡desires¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡and¡¡how¡¡to¡¡satisfy¡¡them¡¡or¡¡

not£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡best¡¡physician¡¡is¡¡he¡¡who¡¡is¡¡able¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡fair¡¡love¡¡from¡¡foul£»¡¡

or¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡one¡¡into¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡who¡¡knows¡¡how¡¡to¡¡eradicate¡¡and¡¡

how¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡implant¡¡¡¡¡¡love£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whichever¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡required£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡reconcile¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡

hostile¡¡¡¡¡¡elements¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡constitution¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡loving¡¡¡¡¡¡friends£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

skilful¡¡practitioner¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§22a£§¡¡Professor¡¡Gildersleeve's¡¡view¡¡of¡¡Eryximachus¡¡is¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡favorable¡¡

£¨Johns¡¡Hopkins¡¡University¡¡Circular£»¡¡Baltimore£»¡¡January£»¡¡1887£©¡£¡¡Plato£»¡¡III£»¡¡

186Jowett£»¡¡I£»¡¡556¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡second¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡note¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Greek¡¡¡¡¡¡medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrates¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡directness¡¡

with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡very¡¡¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡matter¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mysticism£»¡¡

superstition¡¡and¡¡religious¡¡ritual¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡went¡¡directly¡¡to¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡was¡¡

the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡grasp¡¡the¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡medicine¡¡as¡¡an¡¡art¡¡based¡¡on¡¡accurate¡¡

observation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡integral¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡striking¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡Law£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨There¡¡¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡effect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡

things£»¡¡to¡¡know¡¡and¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡one¡¡knows£»¡¡to¡¡know¡¡is¡¡science£»¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡knows¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡ignorance¡¨£¿£§23£§¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡single¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡

compare¡¡for¡¡directness¡¡with¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡aphorism¡¡which¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡into¡¡the¡¡

literature¡¡of¡¡all¡¡lands£º¡¡¡¨Life¡¡is¡¡short¡¡and¡¡Art¡¡is¡¡long£»¡¡the¡¡Occasion¡¡fleeting£»¡¡

Experience¡¡fallacious£»¡¡and¡¡Judgment¡¡difficult¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§23£§¡¡Littre£º¡¡OEuvres¡¡d'Hippocrate£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡IV£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡641¡­642¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everywhere¡¡one¡¡finds¡¡a¡¡strong£»¡¡clear¡¡common¡¡sense£»¡¡which¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡¡¡¡¡entangled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡theological¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speculations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡

Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophy¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocrates¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

medicine¡£¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡Socrates¡¡¡¡¡¡devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡ethics£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

right¡¡thinking¡¡to¡¡good¡¡conduct£»¡¡so¡¡Hippocrates¡¡insisted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡

nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡art£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡placing¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡highest¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡benefit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

patient¡£¡¡Empiricism£»¡¡experience£»¡¡the¡¡collection¡¡of¡¡facts£»¡¡the¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

senses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡avoidance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speculations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

distinguishing¡¡features¡¡of¡¡Hippocratic¡¡medicine¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡striking¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡54¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡55¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



contributions¡¡of¡¡Hippocrates¡¡is¡¡the¡¡recognition¡¡that¡¡diseases¡¡are¡¡only¡¡part¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡processes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡divine¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡

them¡£¡¡With¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡epilepsy£»which¡¡was¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sacred¡¡disease£»¡¡

he¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨It¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡me¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡wise¡¡more¡¡divine¡¡nor¡¡more¡¡sacred¡¡than¡¡

other¡¡diseases£»¡¡but¡¡has¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡cause¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡originates¡¡like¡¡other¡¡

affections£»¡¡men¡¡regard¡¡its¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡cause¡¡as¡¡divine¡¡from¡¡ignorance¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡

in¡¡another¡¡place¡¡he¡¡remarks¡¡that¡¡each¡¡disease¡¡has¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡

no¡¡one¡¡arises¡¡without¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡cause¡£¡¡He¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡

grasp¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡conception¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡healing¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡

experience¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cures¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡temples£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡¡¡¡¡scores¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

instances¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡god¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡worked¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡miracle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡vis¡¡

medicatrix¡¡naturae£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡shrewd¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡his¡¡practical¡¡suggestions¡¡

in¡¡treatment¡¡may¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡in¡¡large¡¡part¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡vogue¡¡which¡¡

the¡¡great¡¡Coan¡¡has¡¡enjoyed¡¡for¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡centuries¡£¡¡One¡¡may¡¡appreciate¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡veneration¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Father¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Medicine¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

attribute¡¡¡¨divine¡¨¡¡which¡¡was¡¡usually¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡Listen¡¡to¡¡this¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡directness¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡honesty¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡speech¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡joints¡¡

characterized¡¡by¡¡Littre¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¨the¡¡great¡¡surgical¡¡monument¡¡of¡¡antiquity¡¨£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡written¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡deliberately£»¡¡¡¡¡¡believing¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡valuable¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡learn¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

unsuccessful¡¡experiments£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡know¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡their¡¡non¡­success¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡note¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡is¡¡not¡¡less¡¡remarkable¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡Hippocratic¡¡

writings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

practicing¡¡within¡¡the¡¡precincts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡famous¡¡AEsculapian¡¡temple¡¡could¡¡have¡¡

divorced¡¡himself¡¡so¡¡wholly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡superstitions¡¡and¡¡vagaries¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cult¡£¡¡

There¡¡are¡¡probably¡¡grounds¡¡for¡¡Pliny's¡¡suggestion¡¡that¡¡he¡¡benefited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

receipts¡¡written¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temple£»¡¡registered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sick¡¡cured¡¡of¡¡any¡¡disease¡£¡¡

¡¨Afterwards£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Pliny¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remark¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡characteristic¡¡¡¡¡¡way£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨hee¡¡

professed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Physicke¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Clinice¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wherby¡¡

physicians¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡sweetnesse¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡afterwards¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡measure¡¡

nor¡¡end¡¡of¡¡fees¡¨¡¡£¨¡¨Natural¡¡History£»¡¨¡¡XXIX£»¡¡1£©¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reference¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

Hippocratic¡¡writings¡¡to¡¡divination£»¡¡incubation¡¡sleep¡¡is¡¡not¡¡often¡¡mentioned£»¡¡

and¡¡charms£»¡¡incantations¡¡or¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡astrology¡¡but¡¡rarely¡£¡¡Here¡¡and¡¡

there¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡practices¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡jar¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

whole¡¡we¡¡feel¡¡in¡¡reading¡¡the¡¡Hippocratic¡¡writings¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡their¡¡spirit¡¡than¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡55¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡56¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MODERN¡¡MEDICINE¡¡



to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡many¡¡writers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡and¡¡sixteenth¡¡

centuries¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡only¡¡against¡¡the¡¡thaumaturgic¡¡powers¡¡that¡¡the¡¡

Hippocratic¡¡writings¡¡protested£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡express¡¡an¡¡equally¡¡active¡¡reaction¡¡

against¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡excesses¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡defects¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡point¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡

out¡¡very¡¡clearly¡¡by¡¡Gomperz¡££§24£§¡¡He¡¡regards¡¡it¡¡as¡¡an¡¡undying¡¡glory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

school¡¡of¡¡Cos¡¡that¡¡after¡¡years¡¡of¡¡vague£»¡¡restless¡¡speculation¡¡it¡¡introduces¡¡

steady¡¡sedentary¡¡habits¡¡into¡¡the¡¡intellectual¡¡life¡¡of¡¡mankind¡£¡¡¡¨¡¡'Fiction¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡right£¡¡¡Reality¡¡to¡¡the¡¡left£¡'¡¡was¡¡the¡¡battle¡­cry¡¡of¡¡this¡¡school¡¡in¡¡the¡¡war¡¡

they¡¡were¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡wage¡¡against¡¡the¡¡excesses¡¡and¡¡defects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡­¡¡

philosophy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Though¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡protest¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡effective¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡directions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡

shall¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡authors¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Hippocratic¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡entirely¡¡

escape¡¡from¡¡the¡¡hypotheses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡older¡¡philosophers¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§24£§¡¡Gomperz£º¡¡Greek¡¡Thinkers£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡I£»¡¡p¡£¡¡296¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡can¡¡do¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡indicate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡briefest¡¡possible¡¡way¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

more¡¡important¡¡views¡¡ascribed¡¡to¡¡Hippocrates¡£¡¡We¡¡cannot¡¡touch¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡

disputes¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Coan¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Cnidian¡¡¡¡¡¡schools¡££§25£§¡¡¡¡¡¡You¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡bear¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

mind¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡had¡¡no¡¡human¡¡anatomy¡£¡¡Dissections¡¡were¡¡

impossible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡physiology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡crudest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡character£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡strongly¡¡

dominated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophies¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Empedocles¡¡¡¡¡¡rega

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ