the origins of contemporary france-4-第96章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



with　the　butt　ends　of　the　muskets。　　Some　of　the　Germans　then　rifle　the

bodies；　while　others　strip　them　and　〃place　them　on　their　backs。〃　…　To

find　workmen　for　this　task；　it　is　necessary　to　descend；　not　only　to

the　lowest　wretches　in　France　but；　again；　to　the　brutes　of　a　foreign

race　and　tongue；　and　yet　lower　still；　to　an　inferior　race　degraded　by

slavery　and　perverted　by　license。



Such；　from　the　top　to　the　bottom　of　the　ladder；　at　every　stage　of

authority　and　obedience；　is　the　ruling　staff　of　the　revolutionary

government。＇170＇　Through　its　recruits　and　its　work；　through　its　morals

and　modes　of　proceeding；　it　evokes　the　almost　forgotten　image　of　its

predecessors；　for　there　is　an　image　of　it　in　the　period　from　the

fourteenth　to　the　seventeenth　century。　　At　that　time　also；　society　was

frequently　overcome　and　ravaged　by　barbarians；　dangerous　nomads；

malevolent　outcasts；　bandits　turned　into　soldiers　suddenly　pounced

down　on　an　industrious　and　peaceful　population。　　Such　was　the　case　in

France　with　the　〃Routiers〃　and　the　〃Tard…venus；〃　at　Rome　with　the　army

of　the　Constable　of　Bourbon；　in　Flanders　with　the　bands　of　the　Duke　of

Alba　and　the　Duke　of　Parma；　in　Westphalia　and　in　Alsace；　with

Wallenstein's　veterans；　and　those　of　Bernard　of　Saxe…Weimar。　　They

lived　upon　a　town　or　province　for　six　months；　fifteen　months；　two

years；　until　the　town　or　province　was　exhausted。　　They　alone　were

armed；　master　of　the　inhabitants；　using　and　abusing　things　and　persons

according　to　their　caprices。　　But　they　were　declared　bandits；　calling

themselves　scorchers；　（ecorcheurs）　riders　and　adventurers；　and　not

pretending　to　be　humanitarian　philosophers。　　Moreover；　beyond　an

immediate　and　personal　enjoyment；　they　demanded　nothing；　they　employed

brutal　force　only　to　satiate　their　greed；　their　cruelty；　their　lust。

…　The　latter　add　to　private　appetites　a　far　greater　devastation；　the

systematic　and　gratuitous　ravages　enforced　upon　them　by　the

superficial　theory　with　which　they　are　imbued。



________________________________________________________________________



Notes：



＇1＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　II。；　pp。　　298…304；　and　p。　　351。



＇2＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　II。；　pp。298…304；　and　p。　　351。　　Should　the

foregoing　testimony　be　deemed　insufficient；　the　following；　by　those

foreigners　who　had　good　opportunities　for　judging；　may　be　added：

（Gouverneur　Morris；　letter　of　December　3；　1794。）　〃The　French　are

plunged　into　an　abyss　of　poverty　and　slavery；　a　slavery　all　the　more

degrading　because　the　men　who　have　plunged　them　into　it　merit　the

utmost　contempt。〃…　Meissner；　〃Voyage　à　Paris；〃　（at　the　end　of　1795；）

p。　　160。　　〃The　（revolutionary）　army　and　the　revolutionary　committees

were　really　associations　organized　by　crime　for　committing　every

species　of　injustice；　murder；　rapine；　and　brigandage　with　impunity。

The　government　had　deprived　all　men　of　any　talent　or　integrity　of

their　places　and　given　these　to　its　creatures；　that　is　to　say；　to　the

dregs　of　humanity。〃　…　Baron　Brinckmann；　Chargé　d'Affaires　from　Sweden。

（Letter　of　July　11；　1799。）　〃I　do　not　believe　that　the　different

classes　of　society　in　France　are　more　corrupt　than　elsewhere；　but　I

trust　that　no　people　may　ever　be　ruled　by　as　imbecile　and　cruel

scoundrels　as　those　that　have　ruled　France　since　the　advent　of　its　new

state　of　freedom。　　。　　。　　The　dregs　of　the　people；　stimulated　from

above　by　sudden　and　violent　excitement；　have　everywhere　brought　to　the

surface　the　scum　of　immorality。〃



＇3＇　Fleury；　〃Babeuf；〃　139；　150。　　…　Granier　de　Cassagnac；　〃Histoire　du

Directoire；〃　II。；　24…170。　　…　（Trial　of　Babeuf；　passim。）　The　above

quotations　are　from　documents　seized　in　Babeuf's　house；　also　from

affidavits　made　by　witnesses；　and　especially　by　captain　Grizel。



＇4＇　Moniteur；　session　of　September　5；　1793。　　〃Since　our　virtue；　our

moderation；　our　philosophic　ideas；　are　of　no　use　to　us；　let　us　be

brigands　for　the　good　of　the　people；　let　us　be　brigands！〃



＇5＇　Babeuf；　〃Le　Tribun　du　Peuple；〃　No。40。　　Apologia　for　the　men　of

September；　〃who　have　only　been　the　priests；　the　sacrificers　of　a　just

immolation　for　public　security。　　If　anything　is　to　be　regretted　it　is

that　a　larger　and　more　general　Second　of　September　did　not　sweep　away

all　starvers　and　all　despoilers。〃



＇6＇　Granier　de　Cassagnac；　II。；　90。　　（Deposition　of　Grisel。）　Rossignol

said；　〃That　snuff…box　is　all　I　have　left；　here　it　is　so　that　I　may

exist。〃　…　〃Massard　owned　a　pair　of　boots　which　he　could　not　collect

because　he　had　no　money　with　which　to　pay　the　shoemaker。〃



＇7＇　Archives　Nationales；　Cf。　　31167。　　（Report　of　Robin；　Niv？se　9。）：

〃The　women　always　had　a　deliberative　voice　in　the　popular　assemblies

of　the　Pantheon　section；〃　and　in　all　the　other　clubs　they　attended　the

meetings。



＇8＇　Moniteur；　XIX。；　103。　　（Meeting　of　the　Jacobin　club；　Dec。　　28；

1793。）　Dubois…Crancé　introduces　the　following　question　to　each　member

who　is　subjected　to　the　weeding…out　vote：　〃What　have　you　done　that

would　get　you　hung　in　case　of　a　counter　revolution？〃



＇9＇　Ibid。；　XVII。；　410。　　（Speech　by　Maribon…Montaut；　Jacobin　club；

Brumaire　21；　year　II。）



＇10＇　Dauban；　〃Paris　in　1794；〃　142。　　（Police　report　of　Vent？se　13；　year

II。）



＇11＇　Morellet；　〃　Mémoires；〃　II。　　449。



＇12＇　Dauban；　ib。；；　35。　　（Note　drawn　up　in　January；　1794；　probably　by

the　physician　Quêvremont　de　Lamotte。）　…　Ibid。；　82。　　…　Cf。　　Morellet；

II。；　434…470。　　（Details　on　the　issue　of　certificates　of　civism；　in

September；　1793。）



＇13＇　Archives　Nationales；　F。7；　31167。　　（Report　by　Latour…Lamontagne；

Vent？se　1；　year　II。）：　〃　It　is　giving　these　associations　too　much

influence；　it　is　destroying　the　jurisdiction　of　the　general　assemblies

（of　the　section。）　We　find　accordingly；　that　these　are　being　deserted

and　that　the　plotters　and　intriguers　succeed　in　making　popular　clubs

the　centers　of　public　business　in　order　to　control　affairs　more

easily。〃



＇14＇　Dauban；　ibid。；　203。　　（Report　by　Bacon…Tacon；　Ventose　19。）　〃In　the

general　assembly　of　the　Maison　Commune　section　all　citizens　of　any

rank　in　the　companies　have　been　weeded　out。　　The　slightest　stain　of

incivism；　the　slightest　negligence　in　the　service；　caused　their

rejection。　　Out　of　twenty…five　who　passed　censorship…nineteen　at　least

were　rejected。　　。　　。　　。Most　of　them　due　to　their　trade　such　as　eating…

house　keeper；　shoe…maker；　cook；　carpenter；　tailor　etc。〃



＇15＇　Ibid。；　141。　　（Report　by　Charmont；　Vent？se　12。）　…　Ibid；　140。

〃There　is　only　one　way；　it　is　said　at　the　Café　des　Grands　Hommes；　on

the　boulevard；　to　keep　from　being　arrested；　and　that　is　to　scheme　for

admission　into　the　civil　and　revolutionary　committees　when　there

happens　to　be　a　vacancy。　　Before　salaries　were　attached　to　these

places　nobody　wanted　them；　since　that；　there　are　disputes　as　to　who

shall　be　appointed。〃



＇16＇　Ibid。；　307。　　（Report　of　Germinal　7。）



＇17＇　Wallon；　〃　Histoire　du　Tribunal　Revolutionaire；〃　IV。；　129。



＇18＇　Archives　Nationales；　AF。；　II。；　46。　　（Act　of　the　Committee　of

Public　Safety；　Prairial　15。）：　〃Citizens　Pillon；　Gouste　and　Né；　members

of　the　Revolutionary　committee　of　the　Marat　section；　are　removed。

Their　duties　will　be　performed　by　citizens　Martin；　Majon　and　Mirel。

Mauvielle；　rue　de　la　Liberté；　No。　　32；　is　appointed　on　the　said

Revolutionary　Committee　to　complete　it；　as　it　was　only　composed　of

eleven　members。〃　…　And　other　similar　acts。



＇19＇　Duverger；　decree　of　Frimaire　14；　year　II。　　〃The　application　of

revolutionary　laws　and　measures　of　general　security　and　public　safety

is　confided　to　the　municipalities　and　revolutionary　committees。〃　See；

in　chapter　II。；　the　extent　of　the　domain　thus　defined。　　It　embraces

nearly　everything。　　It　suffices　to　run　through　the　registers　of　a　few

of　the　revolutionary　committees；　to　verify　this　enormous　power　and　see

how　they　interfere　in　every　detail　of　individual　life



＇20＇　Archives　Nationales；　F。7；　31167。　　（Report；　Niv？se　1；　year　II。；　by

Leharival。）



＇21＇　Dauban；　〃Paris　en　1794；〃　307。　　（R