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第33章

the origins of contemporary france-4-第33章

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parents;〃 others try stealing and use the coarsest language。〃

(Meurthe; Statistique; by Marquis; préfet。) … Cf。  Anne Plumptre (A

Narrative of three years' residence in France from 1802 to 1805; I。

436)。  〃You would not believe it; Madame; said a gardener to her at

Nimes; that during the Revolution we dared not scold our children for

their faults。  Those who called themselves patriots regarded it as

against the fundamental principles of liberty to correct children。

This made them so unruly that; very often; when a parent presumed to

scold its child the latter would tell him to mind his business;

adding; 'we are free and equal; the Republic is our only father and

mother ; if you are not satisfied; I am。  Go where you like it

better。' Children are still saucy。  It will take a good many years to

bring them back to minding。'



'93' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 364 (Report by Robespierre; Floréal 8;

year II。)



'94' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 385 … (Address of a Jacobin deputation to

the Convention; Floréal 27; year II。) … At Bayeux; the young girl who

represented Liberty; had the following inscription on her breast or

back: 〃Do not make of me an instrument of licentiousness。〃 (Gustave

Flaubert; family souvenirs。)



'95' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 415。  (Report by Fabre d'Eglantine;

October 6; 1793。) … (Grégoire; 〃Memoires;〃 I。; 341。) 〃The new calendar

was invented by Romme in order to get rid of Sunday。  This was his

object; he admitted it to me。〃



'96' Ibid。; XXXII。; 274。  (Report by Robespierre; Floréal 18; year

II。) 〃National Festivals form an essential part of public

education。。。。  A system of national festivals is the most powerful

means of regeneration。〃



'97' Ibid。; XXXVIII。; 335。  Marat's heart; placed on a table in the

Cordéliers Club; was an object of religious reverence。  … (Grégoire;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 341。) 〃In some schools the pupils were obliged to make

the sign of the cross at the names of Marat; Lazowski; etc。〃



'98' Comte de Martel; 〃étude sur Fouché;〃 137。  Fête at Nevers; on the

inaguration of a bust of Brutus。  … Ibid。; 222; civic festival at

Nevers in honor of valor and morals。  … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794。〃

Programme of the fête of the supreme Being at Sceaux。



'99' An expression by Rabaut Saint…Etienne。



'100' Ibid。; XXXII。; 373 (Report by Robespierre; Floréal 15; year II。)

… Danton had expressed precisely the same opinion; supported by the

same arguments; at the meeting of Frimaire 22; year II。  (Moniteur;

XVIII; 654。) 〃Children first belong to the Republic before belonging

to their parents。  Who will assure me that these children; inspired by

parental egoism; will not become dangerous to the Republic? What do we

care for the ideas of an individual alongside of national ideas? 。。。

Who among us does not know the danger of this constant isolation? It

is in the national schools that the child must suck republican milk!

。。。。  The Republic is one and indivisible。  Public instruction must

likewise relate to this center of unity。〃



'101' Decree of Vendémaire 30 and Brumaire 7; year II。  … Cf。  Sauzay;

VI。; 252; on the application of this decree in the provinces。



'102' Albert Duruy; 2L'Instruction publique et la Revolution;2 164; to

172 (extracts from various republican spelling…books and catechisms)。

… Decree of Frimaire 29; year II。; section I。; art。  I; 83; section

II。; art。  2; section III。; arts。  6 and 9。



'103' Moniteur; XVIII。; 653。  (Meeting of Frimaire 22; speech by

Bouquir; reporter。)



'104' Moniteur; XVIII。; 351…359。  (Meeting of Brumaire 15; year II。;

report by Chénier。) 〃You have made laws … create habits。  。  。  。  You

can apply to the public instruction of the nation the same course that

Rousseau follows in 'Emile。' 〃



'105' The words of Bouquier; reporter。  (Meeting of Frimaire 22; year

II。)



'106' Buchez et Roux; XXIV; 57 (Plan by Le Peletier de Saint…Fargeau;

read by Robespierre at the Convention; July 13; 1793。) … Ibid。; 35。

(Draft of a decree by the same hand。)



'107' Ibid。; XXX。; 229。  (〃Institutions;〃 by Saint…Just。)



'108' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 261。  (Meeting of Nivose 17。) On the

committee presenting the final draft of the decrees on public

instruction the Convention adopts the following article: 〃All boys

who; on leaving the primary schools of instruction; do not devote

themselves to tillage; will be obliged to learn some science; art or

occupation useful to society。  Otherwise; on reaching twenty; they

will be deprived of citizens' rights for ten years; and the same

penalty will be laid on their father; mother; tutor or guardian。〃



'109' Decree of Prairial 13; year II。



'110' Langlois; 〃Souvenirs de l'Ecole de Mars。〃



'111' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 355。  (Report by Robespierre; Floréal

18; year II。)



'112' Moniteur; XVIII。; 326。  (Meeting of the Commune; Brumaire 11;

year II。) the commissary announces that; at Fontainebleau and other

places; 〃he has established the system of equality in the prisons and

places of confinement; where the rich and the poor partake of the same

food。〃 … Ibid。; 210。  (Meeting of the Jacobins; Vendémiaire 29; year

II。  Speech by Laplance on his mission to Gers。) 〃Priests had every

comfort in their secluded retreats; the sans…culottes in the prisons

slept on straw。  The former provided me with mattresses for the

latter。〃 … Ibid。; XVIII。; 445。  (Meeting of the convention; Brumaire

26; year II。) 〃The Convention decrees that the food of persons kept in

places of confinement shall be simple and the same for all; the rich

paying for the poor。〃



'113' Archives Nationales。  (AF。  II。; 37; order of Lequinio; Saintes;

Nivose 1; year II。) 〃Citizens generally in all communes; are requested

to celebrate the day of the decade by a fraternal banquet which;

served without luxury or display 。  。  。  will render the man bowed

down with fatique insensible to his forlorn condition; which will fill

the soul of the poor and unfortunate with the sentiment of social

equality and raise man up to the full sense of his dignity; which will

suppress with the rich man the slightest feeling of pride and

extinguish in the public functionary all germs of haughtiness and

aristocracy。〃



'114' Archives Nationales; AF。  II。; ii。; 48 (Act of Floréal 25; year

II。) 〃the Committee of Public Safety request David; representative of

the people; to present his views and plans in relation to modifying

the present national costume; so as to render it appropriate to

republican habits and the character of the Revolution。〃 … Ibid。; (Act

of Prairial 5; year II。) for engraving and coloring twenty thousand

impressions of the design for a civil uniform; and six thousand

impressions for the three designs for a military; judicial and

legislative uniform。



'115' An identical change took; strangely enough and as caused by some

hidden force; place in Denmark in the seventies。  (SR。)



'116' This is now the case in the entire Western 'democratic' sphere;

in newspapers; schools; and on television。  (SR。)



'117' Ibid; XXXI。; 271。  (Report by Robespierre; Pluviose 1; year II。)

〃This sublime principle supposes a preference for public interests

over all private interests; from which it follows that the love of

country supposes again; or produces; all the virtues。〃 〃As the essence

of a republic or of democracy is equality; it follows that love of

country necessarily comprises a love of equality。〃 〃The soul of the

Republic is virtue; equality。〃 … Lavalette; 〃Memoirs;〃 I。; 254。

(Narrated by Madame Lavalette。) She was compelled to attend public

festivals; and; every month; the patriotic processions。  〃I was rudely

treated by my associates; the low women of the quarter; the daughter

of an emigré; of a marquis; or of an imprisoned mother; ought not to

be allowed the honor of their company; 。。。。  it was all wrong that she

was not made an apprentice。。。。  Hortense de Beauharnais was

apprenticed to 

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