the origins of contemporary france-4-第26章

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the　nation　may　reserve　the　soil　to　itself　and　divide　among

individuals；　not　the　soil；　but　its　lease。　　The　outcome　of　this

principle　affords　us　a　glimpse　of　an　order　of　things　in　which　the

State；　sole　proprietor　of　real…estate；　sole　capitalist；　sole

manufacturer；　sole　trader；　having　all　Frenchmen　in　its　pay　and

service；　would　assign　to　each　one　his　task　according　to　his　aptitude；

and　distribute　to　each　one　his　rations　according　to　his　wants。＇85＇　

These　various　uncompleted　plans　still　float　in　a　hazy　distance　but

their　common　purpose　is　clearly　distinguishable。



　〃All　which　tends　to　center　human　passions　on　the　vile；　individual　ego

must　be　repudiated　or　repressed；〃＇86＇



　We　should　annihilate　special　interests；　deprive　the　individual　of　the

motives　and　means　for　self…isolation；　suppress　preoccupations　and

ambitions　by　which　Man　makes　himself　a　focal　point　at　the　expense　of

the　real　center；　in　short；　to　detach　him　from　himself　in　order　to

attach　him　wholly　to　the　State。



This　is　why；　disregarding　the　narrow　egoism　through　which　the

individual　prefers　himself　to　the　community；　we　strive　towards　the

enlarged　egoism　by　which　the　individual　prefers　the　community　to　the

group　of　which　he　forms　a　part。　　Under　no　pretext　must　he　separate

himself　from　the　whole；　at　no　price；　must　he　be　allowed　to　form　for

himself　a　small　homeland　within　the　large　one；　for；　by　the　affection

he　entertains　for　the　small　one；　he　frustrates　the　objects　of　the

large　one。　　Nothing　is　worse　than　political；　civil；　religious　and

domestic　federalism；　we　combat　it　under　all　its　forms。＇87＇　　In　this

particular；　the　Constituent　Assembly　has　paved　the　way　for　us；　since

it　has　broken　up　all　the　principal　historic　or　material　groups　by

which　men　have　separated　themselves　from　the　masses　and　formed　a　band

apart；　provinces；　clergy；　nobles；　parliaments；　religious　orders　and

trades…unions。　　We　complete　its　work；　we　destroy　churches；　we　suppress

literary　or　scientific　associations；　educational　or　benevolent

societies；　even　down　to　financial　companies。＇88＇　We　prohibit　any

departmental　or　commercial　〃local　spirit：〃　we　find



〃odious　and　opposed　to　all　principles；　that；　amongst　municipalities；

some　should　be　rich　and　others　poor；　that　one　should　have　immense

patrimonial　possessions　and　another　nothing　but　debts。〃＇89＇



　We　regard　these　possessions　as　the　nation's；　and　we　place

indebtedness　to　the　nation's　account。　　We　take　grain　from　rich

communes　and　departments；　to　feed　poor　communes　and　departments。　　We

build　bridges；　roads　and　canals　of　each　district；　at　the　expense　of

the　State；　〃we　centralize　the　labor　of　the　French　people　in　a　broad；

opulent　fashion。〃＇90＇　　We　want　no　more　local　interests；　recollections；

dialects；　idioms　and　patriotisms。　　Only　one　bond　should　subsist

between　individuals；　that　which　attaches　them　to　the　social　body。　　We

sunder　all　others；　we　do　not　tolerate　any　special　aggregation；　we　do

the　best　we　can　to　break　up　the　most　tenacious　of　all；　the　family。　　…

We　therefore　give　marriage　the　status　of　an　ordinary　contract：　we

render　this　loose　and　precarious；　resembling　as　much　as　possible　the

free　and　transient　union　of　the　sexes；　it　shall　be　dissolved　at　the

option　of　both　parties；　and　even　of　one　of　the　parties；　after　one

month　of　formalities　and　of　probation。　　If　the　couple　has　lived

separate　six　months；　the　divorce　may　be　granted　without　any　probation

or　delay；　divorced　parties　may　re…marry。　　On　the　other　hand；　we

suppress　marital　authority：　since　spouses　are　equal；　each　has　equal

rights　over　common　property　and　the　property　of　each　other　；　we

deprive　the　husband　of　its　administration　and　render　it　〃common〃　to

both　parties。　　We　abolish　〃paternal　authority；〃



〃　it　is　cheating　nature　to　enforce　her　rights　through　constraint。　　。

。　　。　　The　only　rights　that　parents　have　are　those　of　protection　and

watchfulness。〃＇91＇



The　father　can　no　longer　control　the　education　of　his　children；　the

State　takes　charge　of　it。　　The　father　is　no　longer　master　of　his

property；　that　portion　he　can　dispose　of　by　donation　or　testament　is

of　the　smallest；　we　prescribe　an　equal　and　forced　division　of

property。　　…　Finally　we　preach　adoption；　we　efface　bastardy；　we　confer

on　children　born　of　free　love；　or　of　a　despotic　will；　the　same　rights

as　those　of　legitimate　children。　　In　short；　we　break　that　sacred

circle；　that　exclusive　group；　that　aristocratic　organization　which；

under　the　name　of　the　family；　was　created　out　of　pride　and　egoism。＇92＇

…　Henceforth；　affection　and　obedience　will　no　longer　be　frittered

away；　the　miserable　supports　to　which　they　have　clung　like　ivy　vines；

castes；　churches；　corporations；　provinces；　communes　or　families；　are

ruined　and　rooted　out；　on　the　ground　which　is　thus　leveled；　the　State

alone　remains　standing；　and　it　alone　offers　any　point　of　adhesion；　all

these　vines　are　about　to　twine　themselves　in　on　trunk　about　the　great

central　column。



VIII。



Indoctrination　of　mind　and　intellect。　　…　Civil　religion。…　National

education。　　…Egalitarian　moral　standards。。…　Obligatory　civism。　　…　The

recasting　and　reduction　of　human　nature　to　the　Jacobin　type。



Let　not　Man　go　astray；　let　us　lead　him　on；　let　us　direct　minds　and

souls；　and；　to　this　end；　let　us　enfold　him　in　our　doctrines。　　He　needs

general　ideas　and　the　daily　experiences　flowing　out　of　them；　he　needs

some　theory　explaining　the　origin　and　nature　of　things；　one　which

assigns　him　his　place　and　the　part　he　has　to　play　in　the　world；　which

teaches　him　his　duties；　which　regulates　his　life；　which　fixes　the　days

he　shall　work　and　the　days　he　shall　rest；　which　stamps　itself　on　his

mind　through　commemorations；　festivals　and　ceremonies；　through　a

catechism　and　a　calendar。　　Up　to　this　time　Religion　has　been　the　power

charged　with　this　service；　interpreted　and　served　by　the　Church；　now

it　is　to　be　Reason；　interpreted　and　served　by　the　State。　　…　In　this

connection；　many　among　us；　disciples　of　the　encyclopedists；　constitute

Reason　a　divinity；　and　honor　her　with　a　system　of　worship；　but　it　is

plain　that　they　personify　an　abstraction；　their　improvised　goddess　is

simply　an　allegorical　phantom；　none　of　them　see　in　her　the　intelligent

cause　of　the　world；　in　the　depths　of　their　hearts　they　deny　this

Supreme　Cause；　their　pretended　religion　being　merely　a　show　or　a　sham。

…　　We　discard　atheism；　not　only　because　it　is　false；　but　again；　and

more　especially；　because　it　is　disintegrating　and　unwholesome。＇93＇　　We

want　an　effective；　consolatory　and　fortifying　religion；　and　that

religion　is　natural　religion；　which　is　social　as　well　as　true。

〃Without　this；＇94＇　as　Rousseau　has　said；　it　is　impossible　to　be　a　good

citizen。。。　　。。。The　existence　of　divinity；　the　future　life；　the

sacredness　of　the　social　contract　and　of　the　laws；〃　all　are　its

dogmas；　〃no　one　may　be　forced　to　believe　in　these；　but　whoever　dares

say　that　he　does　not　believe　in　them；　sets　himself　up　against　the

French　people；　the　human　species　and　nature。〃　Consequently；　we　decree

that　〃the　French　people　recognizes　the　Supreme　Being　and　the

immortality　of　the　soul。〃　…　The　important　thing　now　is　to　plant　this

entirely　philosophic　faith　in　all　hearts。　　We　introduce　it　into　the

civil　order　of　things；　we　take　the　calendar　out　of　the　hands　of　the

Church；　we　purge　it　of　its　Christian　imagery；　we　make　the　new　era

begin　with　the　advent　of　the　Republic；　we　divide　the　year　according　to

the　metric　system；　we　name　the　months　according　to　the　vicissitudes　of

the　seasons；　〃we　substitute；　in　all　directions；　the　realities　of

reason　for　the　visions　of　ignorance；　the　truths　of　nature　for　a

sacerdotal　prestige；〃＇95＇　the　decade　for　the　week；　the　décadi　for

Sundays；　lay　festivals　for　ecclesiastical　festivals。＇96＇　　On　each

décadi；　through　solemn　and　appropriate　pomp；　we　impress　on　the　popular

mind　one　of　the　highest　truths　of　our　creed；　we　glorify；　in　the　order

of　their　dates；　Nature；　Truth；　Justice；　Liberty；　Equality；　the　People；

Adversi