the origins of contemporary france-4-第150章
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'77' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1411。 (Reports of August
11…12 and 31; and Sept。 1; 1793。) … Archives Nationales; F。 7;
31167。) (Reports of Niv?se 7 and 12; year II。)
'78' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794; 60; 68; 69; 71; 82; 93; 216; 231。 …
Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris;〃 187; 190。 … Archives Nationales; F。 7;
31167。 (Report of Leharivel; Niv?se 7。) … The gunsmiths employed by
the government likewise state that they have for a long time had
nothing to eat but bread and cheese。
'79' Dauban; 231。 (Report of Perriére; Vent?se 24。) 〃Butter of which
they make a god。〃
'80' Ibid。; 68。 (Report of Vent?se 2。)
'81' Archives Nationales; F。7; 31167。 (Report of Niv?se 28。) … Dauban;
144。 (Report of Niv?se 14。)
'82' Dauban; 81。 (Report of Latour…Lamontagne; Vent?se 4。)
'83' Souvenirs et Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 83。 〃Friday; June
15; 1794; a proclamation is made that all who have any provisions in
their houses; wheat; barley; rye; flour and even bread; must declare
them within twenty four hours under penalty of being regarded as an
enemy of the country and declared 'suspect;' put under arrest and
tried by the courts。〃 … Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la Revolution
Fran?aise;〃 II。。 214。 A seizure is made at Passy of two pigs and
forty pounds of butter; six bushels of beans; etc。; in the domicile of
citizen Lucet who had laid in supplies for sixteen persons of his own
household。
'84' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Pluvi?se 23; referring to the law of Brumaire 25;
forbidding the extraction of more than fifteen pounds of bran from a
quintal of flour。 Order directing the removal of bolters from
bakeries and mills; he who keeps or conceals these on his property
〃shall be treated as 'suspect' and put under arrest until peace is
declared。〃 … Berryat Saint Prix; 357; 362。 At Toulouse; three persons
are condemned to death for monopoly。 At Montpelier; a baker; two
dealers and a merchant are guillotined for having invoiced; concealed
and kept a certain quantity of gingerbread cakes intended solely for
consumption by anti…revolutionaries。
'85' 〃Un Séjour en France;〃 (April 22; 1794)。
'86' Ludovic Sciout; IV。; 236。 (Proclamation of the representatives
on mission in Finisterre。) 〃Magistrates of the people tell all farmers
and owners of land that their crops belong to the nation and that they
are simply its depositaries。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 92。
(Orders by B?; representative in Cautal; Pluvi?se 8。) 〃Whereas; as all
citizens in a Republic form one family。 。 。 。 all those who refuse
to assist their brethren and neighbors under the specious pretext that
they have not sufficient supplies must be regarded as 'suspect '
citizens。〃
'87' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 (Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Prairial 28。) The maximum price is fourteen francs the
quintal; after Messidor 30; it is not to be more than eleven francs。
'88' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 116 and 106; orders of Paganel; Castres;
Pluvi?se 6 and 7。 Orders of Dartigoyte; Floréal 23; 25; and 29。
'89' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 147。 (Orders of Maignet; Avignon; Prairial 2。)
'90' Moniteur; XXIII。; 397 (Speech by Dubois…Crancé; May 5; 1795。)
〃The Committee on Commerce (and Supplies) had thirty…five thousand
employees in its service。〃
'91' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 (Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Prairial 28。) Decret of Messidor 8; year II。 〃All
kinds of grain and the hay of the present crop are required by the
government。〃 A new estimate is made; each farmer being obliged to
state the amount of his crop; verification; confiscation in case of
inaccurate declarations; and orders to thrash out the sheaves。 …
Dauban; 490。 (Letter of the national agent of Villefort; Thermidor
19。) Calculations and the reasoning of farmers with a view to avoid
sowing and planting: 〃Not so much on account of the lack of hands as
not to ruin oneself by sowing and raising an expensive crop which;
they say; affords them small returns when they sell their grain at so
low a price。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。 106。 (Letter of the
national agent in Gers and Haute…Garonne; Floréal 25。) 〃They say here;
that as soon as the crop is gathered; all the grain will be taken
away; without leaving anything to live on。 It is stated that all salt
provisions are going to be taken and the agriculturists reduced to the
horrors of a famine。〃
'92' Moniteur; XXII。; 21。 (Speech by Lindet; September 7; 1794。) 〃We
have long feared that the ground would not be tilled; that the meadows
would be covered with cattle while the proprietors and farmers were
kept in prison。〃 Archives Nationales; D。; § I; No。 I。 (Letter from
the district of Bar…sur…Seine; Vent?se 14; year III。) 〃The 'maximum'
causes the concealment of grain。 The quit…claims ruined the consumers
and rendered them desperate。 How many wretches; indeed; have been
arrested; … ?attacked; confiscated; fined and ruined for having gone
off fifteen or twenty leagues to get grain with which to feed their
wives and children?〃
'93' AF。; II。; 106。 (Circular by Dartigoyte; Floréal 25。) 〃You must
apply this rule; that is; make the municipal officers responsible for
the non cultivation of the soil。〃 〃If any citizen allows himself a
different kind of bread; other than that which all the cultivators and
laborers in the commune use; I shall have him brought before the
courts conjointly with the municipality as being the first culprit
guilty of having tolerated it。 。 。 Reduce; if necessary; three
fourths of the bread allowed to non laboring citizens because
muscadins and muscadines: have resources and; besides; lead an idle
life。〃
'94' AF。; II。; III。 (Letters of Ferry; Bourges; Messidor 23; to his
〃brethren in the popular club;〃 and 〃to the citoyennes (women) of
Indre…et…Cher。〃)
'95' Moniteur; XXI。; 171。 (Letter from Avignon; Messidor 9; and
letter of the Jacobins of Arles。
'96' Moniteur; XXI。; 184。 (Decree of Messidor 21。)
'97' Gouverneur Morris。 (correspondence with Washington。 Letters of
March 27 and April 10; 1794。) He says that there is no record of such
an early spring。 Rye has headed out and clover is in flower。 It is
astonishing to see apricots in April as large as pigeons' eggs。 In
the south; where the dearth is most severe; he has good reason to
believe that the ground is supplying the inhabitants with food。 A
frost like that of the year before in the month of May (1793) would
help the famine more than all the armies and fleets in Europe。
'98' Stalin was to test the system and prove Taine right。 (SR。)
'99' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 73。 (Letter by the Directory of
Calvados; Prairial 26; year III。) 〃We have not a grain of wheat in
store; and the prisons are full of cultivators。〃 Archives Nationales;
D。; § 1; file No。3。 (Warrants of arrest issued by Representative
Albert; Pluvi?se 19; year III。; Germinal 7 and 16。) On the details of
the difficulties and annoyances attending the requisitions; cf。 this
file and the five preceding or following files。 (Letter of the
National agent; district of Nogent…sur…Seine; Germinal 13。) 〃I have
had summoned before the district court a great many cultivators and
proprietors who are in arrears in furnishing the requisitions made on
them by their respective municipalities。 。 。 。 A large majority
declared that they were unable to furnish in full even if their seed
were taken。 The court ordered the confiscation of the said grain with
a fine equal to the value of the quantity demanded of those called
upon 。 。 It is now my duty to execute the sentence。 But; I must
observe to you; that if you do not reduce the fine; many of them will
be reduced to despair。 Hence I await your answer so that I may act
accordingly。〃 (Another letter from the same agent; Germinal 9。) 〃It is
impos