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第9章

the ethics(part ii)-第9章

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a fixed and definite relation; this other particular  thing must



likewise be conditioned by a third; and so on to infinity (I。



xxviii。)。  As we have  shown in the foregoing proposition; from



this common property of particular things; we  have only a very



inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body; we must draw a 



similar conclusion with regard to the duration of particular



things; namely; that we can only  have a very inadequate



knowledge of the duration thereof。  Q。E。D。







ProofAll ideas which are in God agree in every respect



with their objects (II。 ii。  Cor。); therefore (I。 Ax。 vi。) they



are all true。  Q。E。D。







XXXII。 There is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them to



be called false。







》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; a positive



mode of thinking; which  should constitute the distinctive



quality of falsehood。  Such a mode of thinking cannot be  in God



(II。 xxxii。); external to God it cannot be or be conceived (I。



xv。)。  Therefore there  is nothing positive in ideas which causes



them to be called false。  Q。E。D。







XXXIV。 Every idea; which in us is absolute or adequate and



perfect; is true。







》》》》》ProofWhen we say that an idea in us is adequate and



perfect; we say; in other  words (II。 xi。 Cor。); that the idea is



adequate and perfect in God; in so far as he constitutes  the



essence of our mind; consequently (II。 xxxii。); we say that such



an idea is true。  Q。E。D。







XXXV。 Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge; which



inadequate; fragmentary; or  confused ideas involve。







》》》》》ProofThere is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them



to be called false (II。  xxxiii。); but falsity cannot consist in



simple privation (for minds; not bodies; are said to err  and to



be mistaken); neither can it consist in absolute ignorance; for



ignorance and error  are not identical; wherefore it consists in



the privation of knowledge; which inadequate;  fragmentary; or



confused ideas involve。  Q。E。D。









*****NoteIn the note to II。 xvii。 I explained how error



consists in the privation of  knowledge; but in order to throw



more light on the subject I will give an example。  For  instance;



men are mistaken in thinking themselves free; their opinion is



made up of  consciousness of their own actions; and ignorance of



the causes by which they are  conditioned。  Their idea of



freedom; therefore; is simply their ignorance of any cause for 



their actions。  As for their saying that human actions depend on



the will; this is a mere  phrase without any idea to correspond



thereto。  What the will is; and how it moves the  body; they none



of them know; those who boast of such knowledge; and feign



dwellings  and habitations for the soul; are wont to provoke



either laughter or disgust。  So; again;  when we look at the sun;



we imagine that it is distant from us about two hundred feet; 



this error does not lie solely in this fancy; but in the fact



that; while we thus imagine; we  do not know the sun's true



distance or the cause of the fancy。  For although we afterwards 



learn; that the sun is distant from us more than six hundred of



the earth's diameters; we  none the less shall fancy it to be



near; for we do not imagine the sun as near us; because  we are



ignorant of its true distance; but because the modification of



our body involves the  essence of the sun; in so far as our said



body is affected thereby。







XXXVI。 Inadequate and confused ideas follow by the same



necessity; as adequate or  clear and distinct ideas。







》》》》》ProofAll ideas are in God (I。 xv。); and in so far as they



are referred to God are  true (II。 xxxii。) and (II。 vii。 Cor。)



adequate; therefore there are no ideas confused or  inadequate;



except in respect to a particular mind (cf。 II。 xxiv。 and



xxviii。); therefore all  ideas; whether adequate or inadequate;



follow by the same necessity (II。 vi。)。  Q。E。D。







XXXVII。 That which is common to all (cf。 Lemma II; above); and



which is equally in a  part and in the whole; does not constitute



the essence of any particular thing。







》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; that it



constitutes the essence of some  particular thing; for instance;



the essence of B。  Then (II。 Def。 ii。) it cannot without B 



either exist or be conceived; but this is against our hypothesis。 



Therefore it does not  appertain to B's essence; nor does it



constitute the essence of any particular thing。  Q。E。D。







XXXVIII。 Those things; which are common to all; and which are



equally in a part and in  the whole; cannot be conceived except



adequately。







》》》》》ProofLet A be something; which is common to all bodies;



and which is equally  present in the part of any given body and



in the whole。  I say A cannot be conceived except  adequately。 



For the idea thereof in God will necessarily be adequate (II。



vii。 Cor。); both in  so far as God has the idea of the human



body; and also in so far as he has the idea of the  modifications



of the human body; which (II。 xvi。; xxv。; xxvii。) involve in part



the nature of  the human body and the nature of external bodies;



that is (II。 xii。; xiii。); the idea in God will  necessarily be



adequate; both in so far as he constitutes the human mind; and in



so far as  he has the ideas; which are in the human mind。 



Therefore the mind (II。 xi。 Cor。)  necessarily perceives A



adequately; and has this adequate perception; both in so far as



it  perceives itself; and in so far as it perceives its own or



any external body; nor can A be  conceived in any other manner。 



Q。E。D。







ProofIf A be that; which is common to and a property of



the human body and  external bodies; and equally present in the



human body and in the said external bodies; in  each part of each



external body and in the whole; there will be an adequate idea of



A in  God (II。 vii。 Cor。); both in so far as he has the idea of



the human body; and in so far as he  has the ideas of the given



external bodies。  Let it now be granted; that the human body is 



affected by an external body through that; which it has in common



therewith; namely; A;  the idea of this modification will involve



the property A (II。 xvi。); and therefore (II。 vii。  Cor。) the



idea of this modification; in so far as it involves the property



A; will be adequate  in God; in so far as God is affected by the



idea of the human body; that is (II。 xiii。); in so  far as he



constitutes the nature of the human mind; therefore (II。 xi。



Cor。) this idea is als

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