the ethics(part ii)-第9章
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a fixed and definite relation; this other particular thing must
likewise be conditioned by a third; and so on to infinity (I。
xxviii。)。 As we have shown in the foregoing proposition; from
this common property of particular things; we have only a very
inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body; we must draw a
similar conclusion with regard to the duration of particular
things; namely; that we can only have a very inadequate
knowledge of the duration thereof。 Q。E。D。
ProofAll ideas which are in God agree in every respect
with their objects (II。 ii。 Cor。); therefore (I。 Ax。 vi。) they
are all true。 Q。E。D。
XXXII。 There is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them to
be called false。
》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; a positive
mode of thinking; which should constitute the distinctive
quality of falsehood。 Such a mode of thinking cannot be in God
(II。 xxxii。); external to God it cannot be or be conceived (I。
xv。)。 Therefore there is nothing positive in ideas which causes
them to be called false。 Q。E。D。
XXXIV。 Every idea; which in us is absolute or adequate and
perfect; is true。
》》》》》ProofWhen we say that an idea in us is adequate and
perfect; we say; in other words (II。 xi。 Cor。); that the idea is
adequate and perfect in God; in so far as he constitutes the
essence of our mind; consequently (II。 xxxii。); we say that such
an idea is true。 Q。E。D。
XXXV。 Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge; which
inadequate; fragmentary; or confused ideas involve。
》》》》》ProofThere is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them
to be called false (II。 xxxiii。); but falsity cannot consist in
simple privation (for minds; not bodies; are said to err and to
be mistaken); neither can it consist in absolute ignorance; for
ignorance and error are not identical; wherefore it consists in
the privation of knowledge; which inadequate; fragmentary; or
confused ideas involve。 Q。E。D。
*****NoteIn the note to II。 xvii。 I explained how error
consists in the privation of knowledge; but in order to throw
more light on the subject I will give an example。 For instance;
men are mistaken in thinking themselves free; their opinion is
made up of consciousness of their own actions; and ignorance of
the causes by which they are conditioned。 Their idea of
freedom; therefore; is simply their ignorance of any cause for
their actions。 As for their saying that human actions depend on
the will; this is a mere phrase without any idea to correspond
thereto。 What the will is; and how it moves the body; they none
of them know; those who boast of such knowledge; and feign
dwellings and habitations for the soul; are wont to provoke
either laughter or disgust。 So; again; when we look at the sun;
we imagine that it is distant from us about two hundred feet;
this error does not lie solely in this fancy; but in the fact
that; while we thus imagine; we do not know the sun's true
distance or the cause of the fancy。 For although we afterwards
learn; that the sun is distant from us more than six hundred of
the earth's diameters; we none the less shall fancy it to be
near; for we do not imagine the sun as near us; because we are
ignorant of its true distance; but because the modification of
our body involves the essence of the sun; in so far as our said
body is affected thereby。
XXXVI。 Inadequate and confused ideas follow by the same
necessity; as adequate or clear and distinct ideas。
》》》》》ProofAll ideas are in God (I。 xv。); and in so far as they
are referred to God are true (II。 xxxii。) and (II。 vii。 Cor。)
adequate; therefore there are no ideas confused or inadequate;
except in respect to a particular mind (cf。 II。 xxiv。 and
xxviii。); therefore all ideas; whether adequate or inadequate;
follow by the same necessity (II。 vi。)。 Q。E。D。
XXXVII。 That which is common to all (cf。 Lemma II; above); and
which is equally in a part and in the whole; does not constitute
the essence of any particular thing。
》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; that it
constitutes the essence of some particular thing; for instance;
the essence of B。 Then (II。 Def。 ii。) it cannot without B
either exist or be conceived; but this is against our hypothesis。
Therefore it does not appertain to B's essence; nor does it
constitute the essence of any particular thing。 Q。E。D。
XXXVIII。 Those things; which are common to all; and which are
equally in a part and in the whole; cannot be conceived except
adequately。
》》》》》ProofLet A be something; which is common to all bodies;
and which is equally present in the part of any given body and
in the whole。 I say A cannot be conceived except adequately。
For the idea thereof in God will necessarily be adequate (II。
vii。 Cor。); both in so far as God has the idea of the human
body; and also in so far as he has the idea of the modifications
of the human body; which (II。 xvi。; xxv。; xxvii。) involve in part
the nature of the human body and the nature of external bodies;
that is (II。 xii。; xiii。); the idea in God will necessarily be
adequate; both in so far as he constitutes the human mind; and in
so far as he has the ideas; which are in the human mind。
Therefore the mind (II。 xi。 Cor。) necessarily perceives A
adequately; and has this adequate perception; both in so far as
it perceives itself; and in so far as it perceives its own or
any external body; nor can A be conceived in any other manner。
Q。E。D。
ProofIf A be that; which is common to and a property of
the human body and external bodies; and equally present in the
human body and in the said external bodies; in each part of each
external body and in the whole; there will be an adequate idea of
A in God (II。 vii。 Cor。); both in so far as he has the idea of
the human body; and in so far as he has the ideas of the given
external bodies。 Let it now be granted; that the human body is
affected by an external body through that; which it has in common
therewith; namely; A; the idea of this modification will involve
the property A (II。 xvi。); and therefore (II。 vii。 Cor。) the
idea of this modification; in so far as it involves the property
A; will be adequate in God; in so far as God is affected by the
idea of the human body; that is (II。 xiii。); in so far as he
constitutes the nature of the human mind; therefore (II。 xi。
Cor。) this idea is als