the ethics(part ii)-第8章

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human　body　only；　in　other　words；　the　idea　which　　constitutes　the



nature　of　the　human　mind　（II。　xiii。）；　therefore　（II。　xi。　Cor。）；



the　human　mind　　does　not　involve　an　adequate　knowledge　of　the



human　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXV。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　external　body。







》》》》》ProofWe　have　shown　that　the　idea　of　a　modification　of　the



human　body　involves　　the　nature　of　an　external　body；　in　so　far　as



that　external　body　conditions　the　human　body　in　　a　given　manner。　



But；　in　so　far　as　the　external　body　is　an　individual；　which　has



no　reference　　to　the　human　body；　the　knowledge　or　idea　thereof　is



in　God　（II。　ix。）；　in　so　far　as　God　is　　regarded　as　affected　by



the　idea　of　a　further　thing；　which　（II。　vii。）　is　naturally　prior



to　the　　said　external　body。　　Wherefore　an　adequate　knowledge　of



the　external　body　is　not　in　God；　　in　so　far　as　he　has　the　idea　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body；　in　other　words；　the　idea　　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not　involve　an　adequate



knowledge　of　the　　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXVI。　The　human　mind　does　not　perceive　any　external　body　as



actually　existing；　except　　through　the　ideas　of　the　modifications



of　its　own　body。







》》》》》ProofIf　the　human　body　is　in　no　way　affected　by　a　given



external　body；　then　　（II。　vii。）　neither　is　the　idea　of　the　human



body；　in　other　words；　the　human　mind；　affected　in　　any　way　by　the



idea　of　the　existence　of　the　said　external　body；　nor　does　it　in



any　manner　　perceive　its　existence。　　But；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　affected　in　any　way　by　a　given　　external　body；　thus　far



（II。　xvi。　and　Cor。）　it　perceives　that　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







ProofWhen　the　human　mind　regards　external　bodies　through



the　ideas　of　the　　modifications　of　its　own　body；　we　say　that　it



imagines　（see　II。　xvii。　note）；　now　the　mind　　can　only　imagine



external　bodies　as　actually　existing。　　Therefore　（by　II。　xxv。）；



in　so　far　as　　the　mind　imagines　external　bodies；　it　has　not　an



adequate　knowledge　of　them。　　Q。E。D。







XXVII。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　human　body　itself。







》》》》》ProofEvery　idea　of　a　modification　of　the　human　body



involves　the　nature　of　the　　human　body；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　regarded　as　affected　in　a　given　manner　（II。　　xvi。）。　　But



inasmuch　as　the　human　body　is　an　individual　which　may　be　affected



in　many　　other　ways；　the　idea　of　the　said　modification；　&c。　



Q。E。D。







XXVIII。　The　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body；　in　so



far　as　they　have　　reference　only　to　the　human　mind；　are　not　clear



and　distinct；　but　confused。







》》》》》ProofThe　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body



involve　the　nature　both　of　　the　human　body　and　of　external　bodies



（II。　xvi。）；　they　must　involve　the　nature　not　only　of　　the　human



body　but　also　of　its　parts；　for　the　modifications　are　modes



（Post。　iii。）；　whereby　　the　parts　of　the　human　body；　and；



consequently；　the　human　body　as　a　whole　are　affected。　　　But　（by



II。　xxiv。；　xxv。）　the　adequate　knowledge　of　external　bodies；　as



also　of　the　parts　　composing　the　human　body；　is　not　in　God；　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　the　　human　mind；　but　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　other　ideas。　　These　ideas



of　　modifications；　in　so　far　as　they　are　referred　to　the　human



mind　alone；　are　as　consequences　　without　premisses；　in　other



words；　confused　ideas。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteThe　idea　which　constitutes　the　nature　of　the　human



mind　is；　in　the　same　　manner；　proved　not　to　be；　when　considered



in　itself　and　alone；　clear　and　distinct；　as　also　　is　the　case



with　the　idea　of　the　human　mind；　and　the　ideas　of　the　ideas　of



the　modifications　　of　the　human　body；　in　so　far　as　they　are



referred　to　the　mind　only；　as　everyone　may　easily　　see。







XXIX。　　The　idea　of　the　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human



body　does　not　involve　an　　adequate　knowledge　of　the　human　mind。







》》》》》ProofThe　idea　of　a　modification　of　the　human　body　（II。



xxvii。）　does　not　involve　　an　adequate　knowledge　of　the　said　body；



in　other　words；　does　not　adequately　express　its　　nature；　that　is



（II。　xiii。）　it　does　not　agree　with　the　nature　of　the　mind



adequately；　therefore　　（I。　Ax。　vi。）　the　idea　of　this　idea　does



not　adequately　express　the　nature　of　the　human　mind；　　or　does　not



involve　an　adequate　knowledge　thereof。







ProofThe　duration　of　our　body　does　not　depend　on　its



essence　（II。　Ax。　i。）；　nor　　on　the　absolute　nature　of　God　（I。



xxi。）。　　But　（I。　xxviii。）　it　is　conditioned　to　exist　and　operate　



by　causes；　which　in　their　turn　are　conditioned　to　exist　and



operate　in　a　fixed　and　definite　　relation　by　other　causes；　these



last　again　being　conditioned　by　others；　and　so　on　to　infinity。　　



The　duration　of　our　body　therefore　depends　on　the　common　order　of



nature；　or　the　　constitution　of　things。　　Now；　however　a　thing　may



be　constituted；　the　adequate　knowledge　　of　that　thing　is　in　God；



in　so　far　as　he　has　the　ideas　of　all　things；　and　not　in　so　far　as



he　has　　the　idea　of　the　human　body　only　（II。　ix。　Cor。）。　



Wherefore　the　knowledge　of　the　duration　　of　our　body　is　in　God



very　inadequate；　in　so　far　as　he　is　only　regarded　as　constituting



the　　nature　of　the　human　mind；　that　is　（II。　xi。　Cor。）；　this



knowledge　is　very　inadequate　to　our　　mind。　　Q。E。D。







XXXI。　We　can　only　have　a　very　inadequate　knowledge　of　the



duration　of　particular　things　　external　to　ourselves。







》》》》》ProofEvery　particular　thing；　like　the　human　body；　must　be



conditioned　by　another　　particular　thing　to　exist　and　operate　in



a　fixed　and　definite　relation；　this　other　particular　　thing　must



likewise　be　conditioned　by　a　third；　and　so　on　to　infinity　（I