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第11章

the ethics(part ii)-第11章

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and confused; therefore this kind of knowledge is the  only



source of falsity (II。 xxxv。)。  Furthermore; we assigned to the



second and third kinds  of knowledge those ideas which are



adequate; therefore these kinds are necessarily true (II。 



xxxiv。)。  Q。E。D。







XLII。 Knowledge of the second and third kinds; not knowledge of



the first kind; teaches us  to distinguish the true from the



false。







》》》》》ProofThis proposition is self…evident。  He; who knows how



to distinguish between  true and false; must have an adequate



idea of true and false。  That is (II。 xl。; note ii。); he  must



know the true and the false by the second or third kind of



knowledge。







XLIII。 He; who has a true idea; simultaneously knows that he has



a true idea; and cannot  doubt of the truth of the thing



perceived。







》》》》》ProofA true idea in us is an idea which is adequate in



God; in so far as he is  displayed through the nature of the



human mind (II。 xi。 Cor。)。  Let us suppose that there is  in God;



in so far as he is displayed through the human mind; an adequate



idea; A。  The  idea of this idea must also necessarily be in God;



and be referred to him in the same way as  the idea A (by II。



xx。; whereof the proof is of universal application)。  But the



idea A is  supposed to be referred to God; in so far as he is



displayed through the human mind;  therefore; the idea of the



idea A must be referred to God in the same manner; that is (by 



II。 xi。 Cor。); the adequate idea of the idea A will be in the



mind; which has the adequate  idea A; therefore he; who has an



adequate idea or knows a thing truly (II。 xxxiv。); must at  the



same time have an adequate idea or true knowledge of his



knowledge; that is;  obviously; he must be assured。  Q。E。D。







*****NoteI explained in the note to II。 xxi。 what is meant by



the idea of an idea; but we  may remark that the foregoing



proposition is in itself sufficiently plain。  No one; who has a 



true idea; is ignorant that a true idea involves the highest



certainty。  For to have a true idea  is only another expression



for knowing a thing perfectly; or as well as possible。  No one; 



indeed; can doubt of this; unless he thinks that an idea is



something lifeless; like a picture  on a panel; and not a mode of



thinkingnamely; the very act of understanding。  And who;  I



ask; can know that he understands anything; unless he do first



understand it?  In other  words; who can know that he is sure of



a thing; unless he be first sure of that thing?   Further; what



can there be more clear; and more certain; than a true idea as a



standard  of truth?  Even as light displays both itself and



darkness; so is truth a standard both of  itself and of falsity。







I think I have thus sufficiently answered these



questionsnamely; if a true idea is  distinguished from a false



idea; only in so far as it is said to agree with its object; a



true  idea has no more reality or perfection than a false idea



(since the two are only distinguished  by an extrinsic mark);



consequently; neither will a man who has a true idea have any 



advantage over him who has only false ideas。  Further; how comes



it that men have false  ideas?  Lastly; how can anyone be sure;



that he has ideas which agree with their objects?   These



questions; I repeat; I have; in my opinion; sufficiently



answered。  The difference  between a true idea and a false idea



is plain:  from what was said in II。 xxxv。; the former is 



related to the latter as being is to not…being。  The causes of



falsity I have set forth very  clearly in II。 xix。 and II。 xxxv。



with the note。  From what is there stated; the difference 



between a man who has true ideas; and a man who has only false



ideas; is made apparent。   As for the last questionas to how a



man can be sure that he has ideas that agree with  their objects;



I have just pointed out; with abundant clearness; that his



knowledge arises  from the simple fact; that he has an idea which



corresponds with its objectin other words;  that truth is its



own standard。  We may add that our mind; in so far as it



perceives things  truly; is part of the infinite intellect of God



(II。 xi。 Cor。); therefore; the clear and distinct  ideas of the



mind are as necessarily true as the ideas of God。







XLIV。 It is not in the nature of reason to regard things as



contingent; but as necessary。







》》》》》ProofIt is in the nature of reason to perceive things



truly (II。 xli。); namely (I。 Ax。  vi。); as they are in



themselvesthat is (I。 xxix。); not as contingent; but as



necessary。   Q。E。D。








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