the ethics(part ii)-第11章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
and confused; therefore this kind of knowledge is the only
source of falsity (II。 xxxv。)。 Furthermore; we assigned to the
second and third kinds of knowledge those ideas which are
adequate; therefore these kinds are necessarily true (II。
xxxiv。)。 Q。E。D。
XLII。 Knowledge of the second and third kinds; not knowledge of
the first kind; teaches us to distinguish the true from the
false。
》》》》》ProofThis proposition is self…evident。 He; who knows how
to distinguish between true and false; must have an adequate
idea of true and false。 That is (II。 xl。; note ii。); he must
know the true and the false by the second or third kind of
knowledge。
XLIII。 He; who has a true idea; simultaneously knows that he has
a true idea; and cannot doubt of the truth of the thing
perceived。
》》》》》ProofA true idea in us is an idea which is adequate in
God; in so far as he is displayed through the nature of the
human mind (II。 xi。 Cor。)。 Let us suppose that there is in God;
in so far as he is displayed through the human mind; an adequate
idea; A。 The idea of this idea must also necessarily be in God;
and be referred to him in the same way as the idea A (by II。
xx。; whereof the proof is of universal application)。 But the
idea A is supposed to be referred to God; in so far as he is
displayed through the human mind; therefore; the idea of the
idea A must be referred to God in the same manner; that is (by
II。 xi。 Cor。); the adequate idea of the idea A will be in the
mind; which has the adequate idea A; therefore he; who has an
adequate idea or knows a thing truly (II。 xxxiv。); must at the
same time have an adequate idea or true knowledge of his
knowledge; that is; obviously; he must be assured。 Q。E。D。
*****NoteI explained in the note to II。 xxi。 what is meant by
the idea of an idea; but we may remark that the foregoing
proposition is in itself sufficiently plain。 No one; who has a
true idea; is ignorant that a true idea involves the highest
certainty。 For to have a true idea is only another expression
for knowing a thing perfectly; or as well as possible。 No one;
indeed; can doubt of this; unless he thinks that an idea is
something lifeless; like a picture on a panel; and not a mode of
thinkingnamely; the very act of understanding。 And who; I
ask; can know that he understands anything; unless he do first
understand it? In other words; who can know that he is sure of
a thing; unless he be first sure of that thing? Further; what
can there be more clear; and more certain; than a true idea as a
standard of truth? Even as light displays both itself and
darkness; so is truth a standard both of itself and of falsity。
I think I have thus sufficiently answered these
questionsnamely; if a true idea is distinguished from a false
idea; only in so far as it is said to agree with its object; a
true idea has no more reality or perfection than a false idea
(since the two are only distinguished by an extrinsic mark);
consequently; neither will a man who has a true idea have any
advantage over him who has only false ideas。 Further; how comes
it that men have false ideas? Lastly; how can anyone be sure;
that he has ideas which agree with their objects? These
questions; I repeat; I have; in my opinion; sufficiently
answered。 The difference between a true idea and a false idea
is plain: from what was said in II。 xxxv。; the former is
related to the latter as being is to not…being。 The causes of
falsity I have set forth very clearly in II。 xix。 and II。 xxxv。
with the note。 From what is there stated; the difference
between a man who has true ideas; and a man who has only false
ideas; is made apparent。 As for the last questionas to how a
man can be sure that he has ideas that agree with their objects;
I have just pointed out; with abundant clearness; that his
knowledge arises from the simple fact; that he has an idea which
corresponds with its objectin other words; that truth is its
own standard。 We may add that our mind; in so far as it
perceives things truly; is part of the infinite intellect of God
(II。 xi。 Cor。); therefore; the clear and distinct ideas of the
mind are as necessarily true as the ideas of God。
XLIV。 It is not in the nature of reason to regard things as
contingent; but as necessary。
》》》》》ProofIt is in the nature of reason to perceive things
truly (II。 xli。); namely (I。 Ax。 vi。); as they are in
themselvesthat is (I。 xxix。); not as contingent; but as
necessary。 Q。E。D。