the ethics(part ii)-第1章
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The Ethics 'Part II'
(Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata)
by Benedict de Spinoza
Translated by R。 H。 M。 Elwes
Part II: ON THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE MIND
PREFACE I now pass on to explaining the results; which must
necessarily follow from the essence of God; or of the eternal
and infinite being; not; indeed; all of them (for we proved in
Part i。; Prop。 xvi。; that an infinite number must follow in an
infinite number of ways); but only those which are able to lead
us; as it were by the hand; to the knowledge of the human mind
and its highest blessedness。
DEFINITIONS I。 By 'body' I mean a mode which expresses in a
certain determinate manner the essence of God; in so far as he
is considered as an extended thing。 (See Pt。 i。; Prop。 xxv。
Cor。)
II。 I consider as belonging to the essence of a thing that;
which being given; the thing is necessarily given also; and;
which being removed; the thing is necessarily removed also; in
other words; that without which the thing; and which itself
without the thing; can neither be nor be conceived。
III。 By 'idea;' I mean the mental conception which is formed by
the mind as a thinking thing。
》》》》》ExplanationI say 'conception' rather than perception;
because the word perception seems to imply that the mind is
passive in respect to the object; whereas conception seems to
express an activity of the mind。
IV。 By 'an adequate idea;' I mean an idea which; in so far as
it is considered in itself; without relation to the object; has
all the properties or intrinsic marks of a true idea。
》》》》》ExplanationI say 'intrinsic;' in order to exclude that
mark which is extrinsic; namely; the agreement between the idea
and its object (ideatum)。
V。 'Duration' is the indefinite continuance of existing。
》》》》》ExplanationI say 'indefinite;' because it cannot be
determined through the existence itself of the existing thing;
or by its efficient cause; which necessarily gives the existence
of the thing; but does not take it away。
VI。 'Reality' and 'perfection' I use as synonymous terms。
VII。 By 'particular things;' I mean things which are finite and
have a conditioned existence; but if several individual things
concur in one action; so as to be all simultaneously the effect
of one cause; I consider them all; so far; as one particular
thing。
AXIOMS I。 The essence of man does not involve necessary
existence; that is; it may; in the order of nature; come to pass
that this or that man does or does not exist。
II。 Man thinks。
III。 Modes of thinking; such as love; desire; or any other of
the passions; do not take place; unless there be in the same
individual an idea of the thing loved; desired; &c。 But the idea
can exist without the presence of any other mode of thinking。
IV。 We perceive that a certain body is affected in many ways。
V。 We feel and perceive no particular things; save bodies and
modes of thought。
N。B。 The Postulates are given after the conclusion of Prop。
xiii。
PROPOSITIONS I。 Thought is an attribute of God; or God is a
thinking thing。
》》》》》ProofParticular thoughts; or this and that thought; are
modes which; in a certain conditioned manner; express the nature
of God (Pt。 i。; Prop。 xxv。; Cor。)。 God therefore possesses the
attribute (Pt。 i。; Def。 v。) of which the concept is involved in
all particular thoughts; which latter are conceived thereby。
Thought; therefore; is one of the infinite attributes of God;
which express God's eternal and infinite essence (Pt。 i。; Def。
vi。)。 In other words; God is a thinking thing。 Q。E。D。
*****NoteThis proposition is also evident from the fact; that
we are able to conceive an infinite thinking being。 For; in
proportion as a thinking being is conceived as thinking more
thoughts; so is it conceived as containing more reality or
perfection。 Therefore a being; which can think an infinite
number of things in an infinite number of ways; is;
necessarily; in respect of thinking; infinite。 As; therefore;
from the consideration of thought alone; we conceive an infinite
being; thought is necessarily (Pt。 i。; Deff。 iv。 and vi。) one of
the infinite attributes of God; as we were desirous of showing。
II。 Extension is an attribute of God; or God is an extended
thing。
》》》》》ProofThe proof of this proposition is similar to that of
the last。
III。 In God there is necessarily the idea not only of his
essence; but also of all things which necessarily follow from
his essence。
》》》》》ProofGod (by the first Prop。 of this Part) can think an
infinite number of things in infinite ways; or (what is the same
thing; by Prop。 xvi。; Part i。) can form the idea of his essence;
and of all things which necessarily follow therefrom。 Now all
that is in the power of God necessarily is (Pt。 i。; Prop。
xxxv。)。 Therefore; such an idea as we are considering
necessarily is; and in God alone。 Q。E。D。 (Part i。; Prop。 xv。)
*****NoteThe multitude understand by the power of God the free
will of God; and the right over all things that exist; which
latter are accordingly generally considered as contingent。 For
it is said that God has the power to destroy all things; and to
reduce them to nothing。 Further; the power of God is very often
likened to the power of kings。 But this doctrine we have
refuted (Pt。 i。; Prop。 xxxii。; Cors。 i。 and ii。); and we have
shown (Part i。; Prop。 xvi。) that God acts by the same necessity;
as that by which he understands himself; in other words; as it
follows from the necessity of the divine nature (as all admit);
that God understands himself; so also does it follow by the same
necessity; that God performs infinite acts in infinite ways。 We
further showed (Part i。; Prop。 xxxiv。); that God's power is
identical with God's essence in action; therefore it is as
impossible for us to conceive God as not acting; as to conceive
him as non…existent。 If we might pursue the subject further; I
could point out; that the power which is commonly attributed to
God is not only human (as showing that God is conceived by the
multitude as a man; or in the likeness of a man); but involves a
negation of power。 However; I am unwilling to go over the same
ground so often。 I would only beg the reader again and again; to
turn over frequently in his mind what I have said in Part i。
from Prop。 xvi。 to the end。 No one will be able to follow my
meaning; unless he is scrupulously careful not to confound the
power of God with the human power and right of kings。
IV。 The idea of God; from which an infinite number of things
follow in infinite ways; can only be one。
》》》》》ProofInfinite intellect comprehends nothing save the
attributes of God and his modifications (Part i。; Prop。 xxx。)。
Now God is one (Part i。; Prop。 xiv。; Cor。)。 Therefore the idea
of God; wherefrom an infinite number of things follow in infinite
ways; can only be one。 Q。E。D。
V。 The actual being of ideas owns God as its cause; only in so
far as he is considered as a thinking thing; not in so far as he
is unfolded in any other attribute; that is; the ideas both of
the attributes of God and of particular thing