the commonwealth of oceana-第53章

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ion　in　that　case　has　been　to　preserve　her　ornaments；　and　shall　see　the　waste　lately　made　（the　woods　adjoining　to　this　city；　which　served　for　the　delight　and　health　of　it；　being　cut　down　to　be　sold　for　threepence）；　will　you　tell　that　they　who　did　such　things　would　never　have　made　a　commonwealth。　The　like　may　be　said　of　the　ruin　or　damage　done　upon　our　cathedrals；　ornaments　in　which　this　nation　excels　all　others。　Nor　shall　this　ever　be　excused　upon　the　score　of　religion；　for　though　it　be　true　that　God　dwells　not　in　houses　made　with　hands；　yet　you　cannot　hold　your　assemblies　but　in　such　houses；　and　these　are　of　the　best　that　have　been　made　with　hands。　Nor　is　it　well　argued　that　they　are　pompous；　and　therefore　profane；　or　less　proper　for　divine　service；　seeing　the　Christians　in　the　primitive　Church　chose　to　meet　with　one　accord　in　the　Temple；　so　far　were　they　from　any　inclination　to　pull　it　down。〃

　　　　The　orders　of　this　commonwealth；　so　far；　or　near　so　far　as　they　concern　the　elders；　together　with　the　several　speeches　at　the　institution；　which　may　serve　for　the　better　understanding　of　them　as　so　many　commentaries；　being　shown；　I　should　now　come　from　the　elders　to　the　youth；　or　from　the　civil　constitution　of　this　government　to　the　military；　but　that　I　judge　this　the　fittest　place　whereinto；　by　the　way；　to　insert　the　government　of　the　city　though　for　the　present　but　perfunctorily。　　　　　〃'The　metropolis　or　capital　city　of　Oceana　is　commonly　called　Emporium；　though　it　consists　of　two　cities　distinct；　as　well　in　name　as　in　government；　whereof　the　other　is　called　Hiera；　for　which　cause　I　shall　treat　of　each　apart；　beginning　with　Emporium。　　　　　〃Emporium；　with　the　liberties；　is　under　a　twofold　division；　the　one　regarding　the　national；　and　the　other　the　urban　or　city　government。　It　is　divided；　in　regard　of　the　national　government；　into　three　tribes；　and　in　respect　of　the　urban　into　twenty　six；　which　for　distinction's　sake　are　called　wards；　being　contained　under　three　tribes　but　unequally；　wherefore　the　first　tribe　containing　ten　wards　is　called　scazon；　the　second　containing　eight　metoche；　and　the　third　containing　as　many　telicouta；　the　bearing　of　which　names　in　mind　concerns　the　better　understanding　of　the　government。　　　　　〃Every　ward　has　her　wardmote；　court；　or　inquest；　consisting　of　all　that　are　of　the　clothing　or　liveries　of　companies　residing　within　the　same。　　　　　〃Such　are　of　the　livery　or　clothing　as　have　attained　to　the　dignity　to　wear　gowns　and　parti…colored　hoods　or　tippets；　according　to　the　rules　and　ancient　customs　of　their　respective　companies。　　　　　〃A　company　is　a　brotherhood　of　tradesmen　professing　the　same　art；　governed　according　to　their　charter　by　a　master　and　wardens。　Of　these　there　be　about　sixty；　whereof　twelve　are　of　greater　dignity　than　the　rest；　that　is　to　say；　the　mercers；　grocers；　drapers；　fishmongers；　goldsmiths；　skinners；　merchant…tailors；　haberdashers；　salters；　ironmongers；　vintners；　clothworkers；　which；　with　most　of　the　rest；　have　common　halls；　divers　of　them　being　of　ancient　and　magnificent　structure；　wherein　they　have　frequent　meetings；　at　the　summons　of　their　master　or　wardens；　for　the　managing　and　regulation　of　their　respective　trades　and　mysteries。　These　companies；　as　I　shall　show；　are　the　roots　of　the　whole　government　of　the　city。　For　the　liveries　that　reside　in　the　same　ward；　meeting　at　the　wardmote　inquest　（to　which　it　belongs　to　take　cognizance　of　all　sorts　of　nuisances　and　violations　of　the　customs　and　orders　of　the　city；　and　to　present　them　to　the　court　of　aldermen）；　have　also　power　to　make　election　of　two　sorts　of　magistrates　or　officers；　the　first　of　elders　or　aldermen　of　the　ward；　the　second　of　deputies　of　the　same；　otherwise　called　common　councilmen。　　　　　〃The　wards　in　these　elections；　because　they　do　not　elect　all　at　once；　but　some　one　year　and　some　another；　observe　the　distinction　of　the　three　tribes；　for　example；　the　scazon；　consisting　of　ten　wards；　makes　election　the　first　year　of　ten　aldermen；　one　in　each　ward；　and　of　150　deputies；　fifteen　in　each　ward；　all　which　are　triennial　magistrates　or　officers；　that　is　to　say；　are　to　bear　their　dignity　for　the　space　of　three　years。　　　　　〃The　second　year　the　metoche；　consisting　of　eight　wards；　elects　eight　aldermen；　one　in　each　ward；　and　120　deputies；　fifteen　in　each　ward；　being　also　triennial　magistrates。　　　　　〃The　third　year　telicouta；　consisting　of　a　like　number　of　wards；　elects　an　equal　number　of　like　magistrates　for　a　like　term。　So　that　the　whole　number　of　the　aldermen；　according　to　that　of　the　wards；　amounts　to　twenty…six；　and　the　whole　number　of　the　deputies；　to　390。　　　　　〃The　aldermen　thus　elected　have　divers　capacities；　for；　first；　they　are　justices　of　the　peace　for　the　term；　and　in　consequence　of　their　election。　Secondly；　they　are　presidents　of　the　wardmote　and　governors　each　of　that　ward　whereby　he　was　elected。　And　last　of　all；　these　magistrates　being　assembled　together；　constitute　the　Senate　of　the　city；　otherwise　called　the　court　of　aldermen；　but　no　man　is　capable　of　this　election　that　is　not　worth　？0；000。　This　court　upon　every　new　election　makes　choice　of　nine　censors　out　of　their　own　number。　　　　　〃The　deputies　in　like　manner　being　assembled　together；　constitute　the　prerogative　tribe　of　the　city；　otherwise　called　the　common　council；　by　which　means　the　Senate　and　the　people　of　the　city　were　comprehended；　as　it　were；　by　the　motion　of　the　national　government；　into　the　same　wheel　of　annual；　triennial；　and　perpetual　revolution。　　　　　〃But　the　liveries；　over　and　above　the　right　of　these　elections　by　their　divisions　mentioned；　being　assembled　all　together　at　the　guild　of　the　city；　constitute　another　assembly　called　the　common　hall。　　　　　〃The　common　hall　has　the　right　of　two　other　elections；　the　one　of　the　lord　mayor；　and　the　other　of　the　two　sheriffs；　being　annual　magistrates。　The　lord　mayor　can　be　elected　out　of　no　other　than　one　of　the　twelve　companies　of　the　first　ranks；　and　the　common　hall　agrees　by　the　plurality　of　suffrages　upon　two　names；　which；　being　presented　to　the　lord　mayor　for　the　time　being；　and　the　court　of　the　aldermen；　they　elect　one　by　their　scrutiny。　For　so　they　call　it；　though　it　differs　from　that　of　the　commonwealth。　The　orator　or　assistant　to　the　lord　mayor　in　holding　of　his　courts；　is　some　able　lawyer　elected　by　the　court　of　aldermen；　and　called　the　recorder　of　Emporium。　　　　　〃The　lord　mayor　being　thus　elected；　has　two　capacities：　one　regarding　the　nation；　and　the　other　the　city。　In　that　which　regards　the　city；　he　is　president　of　the　court　of　aldermen；　having　power　to　assemble　the　same；　or　any　other　council　of　the　city；　as　the　common　council　or　common　hall；　at　his　will　and　pleasure；　and　in　that　which　regards　the　nation；　he　is　commander…in…chief　of　the　three　tribes　whereinto　the　city　is　divided；　one　of　which　he　is　to　bring　up　in　person　at　the　national　muster　to　the　ballot；　as　his　vice…comites；　or　high　sheriffs；　are　to　do　by　the　other　two；　each　at　their　distinct　pavilion；　where　the　nine　aldermen；　elected　censors；　are　to　officiate　by　three　in　each　tribe；　according　to　the　rules　and　orders　already　given　to　the　censors　of　the　rustic　tribes。　And　the　tribes　of　the　city　have　no　other　than　one　common　phylarch；　which　is　the　court　of　aldermen　and　the　common　council；　for　which　cause　they　elect　not　at　their　muster　the　first　list　called　the　prime　magnitude。　　　　　〃The　conveniences　of　this　alteration　of　the　city　government；　besides　the　bent　of　it　to　a　conformity　with　that　of　the　nation；　were　many；　whereof　I　shall　mention　but　a　few：　as　first；　whereas　men　under　the　former　administration；　when　the　burden　of　some　of　these　magistracies　lay　for　life；　were　oftentimes　chosen　not　for　their　fitness；　but　rather　unfitness；　or　at　least　unwillingness　to　undergo　such　a　weight；　whereby　they　were　put　at　great　rates　to　fine　for　their　ease；　a　man　might　now　take　his　share　in　magistracy　with　that　equity　which　is　due　to　the　public；　and　without　any　inconvenience　to　his　private　affairs。　Secondly；　whereas　the　city　（inasmuch　as　the　acts　of　the　aristocracy；　or　court　of　aldermen；　in　their　former　way　of　proceeding；　were　rather　impositions　than　propositions）　was　frequently　disquieted　with　the　inevitable　consequence　of　disorder　in　the　power　of　debate　exercised　by　the　popular　part；　or　comm