the commonwealth of oceana-第35章

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thing　that　was　borne；　among　others；　by　Philopemen　and　Aratus　in　the　Commonwealth　of　the　Achaeans；　the　like　having　been　in　use　also　with　the　AEtolians。　The　orator；　called　otherwise　the　speaker；　is；　with　small　alteration；　the　same　that　had　been　of　former　use　in　this　nation。　These　two；　if　you　will；　may　be　compared　to　the　consuls　in　Rome；　or　the　suffetes　in　Carthage；　for　their　magistracy　is　scarce　different。　　　　　The　censors　derive　their　power　of　removing　a　senator　from　those　of　Rome；　the　government　of　the　ballot　from　those　of　Venice；　and　that　of　animadversion　upon　the　ambitus；　or　canvass　for　magistracy；　from　both。　　　　　The　signory；　with　the　whole　right　and　use　of　that　magistracy　to　be　hereafter　more　fully　explained；　is　almost　purely　Venetian。　　　　　The　second　part　of　the　tropic　is　directed　by　　　　　　The　sixteenth　order〃　Whereby　the　constitution　of　the　councils　being　four；　that　is　to　say；　the　Council　of　State；　the　Council　of　War；　the　Council　of　Religion；　and　the　Council　of　Trade；　is　rendered　conformable　in　their　revolutions　to　that　of　the　Senate。　As：　First；　by　the　annual　election　of　five　knights　out　of　the　first　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　State；　consisting　of　fifteen　knights；　five　in　every　region。　Secondly；　by　the　annual　election　of　three　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Council　of　State；　to　be　proposed　by　the　provosts；　and　elected　by　that　council；　into　the　Council　of　War；　consisting　of　nine　knights；　three　in　every　region；　not　excluded　by　this　election　from　remaining　members　also　of　the　Council　of　State。　The　four　tribunes　of　the　people　have　right　of　session　and　suffrage　in　the　Council　of　War。　Thirdly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Religion；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region；　of　this　council　the　censors　are　presidents。　Fourthly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Trade；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region。　And　each　region；　in　every　one　of　these　councils　thus　constituted；　shall　weekly　and　interchangeably　elect　one　provost　whose　magistracy　shall　continue　for　one　week；　nor　shall　he　be　re…elected　into　the　same　till　every　knight　of　that　region　in　the　same　council　has　once　borne　the　same　magistracy。　And　the　provosts　being　one　in　every　region；　three　in　every　council；　and　twelve　in　all；　beside　their　other　capacities；　shall　assemble　and　be　a　council；　or　rather　an　Academy　apart；　to　certain　ends　and　purposes　to　be　hereafter　further　explained　with　those　of　the　rest　of　the　councils。〃　　　　　This　order　is　of　no　other　use　than　the　frame　and　turn　of　the　councils；　and　yet　of　no　small　one；　for　in　motion　consists　life；　and　the　motion　of　a　commonwealth　will　never　be　current　unless　it　be　circular。　Men　that；　like　my　Lord　Epimonus；　not　enduring　the　resemblance　of　this　kind　of　government　to　orbs　and　spheres；　fall　on　physicking　and　purging　it；　do　no　more　than　is　necessary；　for　if　it　be　not　in　rotation　both　as　to　persons　and　things；　it　will　be　very　sick。　The　people　of　Rome；　as　to　persons；　if　they　had　not　been　taken　up　by　the　wheel　of　magistracy；　had　overturned　the　chariot　of　the　Senate。　And　those　of　Lacedaemon；　as　to　things；　had　not　been　so　quiet　when　the　Senate　trashed　their　business；　by　encroaching　upon　the　result；　if　by　the　institution　of　the　ephors　they　had　not　brought　it　about　again。　So　that　if　you　allow　not　a　commonwealth　her　rotation；　in　which　consists　her　equality；　you　reduce　her　to　a　party；　and　then　it　is　necessary　that　you　be　physicians　indeed；　or　rather　farriers；　for　you　will　have　strong　patients；　and　such　as　must　be　haltered　and　cast；　or　yourselves　may　need　bone…setters。　Wherefore　the　councils　of　this　commonwealth；　both　in　regard　of　their　elections；　and；　as　will　be　shown；　of　their　affairs；　are　uniform　with　the　Senate　in　their　revolutions；　not　as　whirlpits　to　swallow；　but　to　bite；　and　with　the　screws　of　their　rotation　to　hold　and　turn　a　business　（like　the　vice　of　a　smith）　to　the　hand　of　the　workman。　Without　engines　of　which　nature　it　is　not　possible　for　the　Senate；　much　less　for　the　people；　to　be　perfect　artificers　in　a　political　capacity。　But　I　shall　not　hold　you　longer　from　　　　　　The　seventeenth　order；　〃Directing　biennial　elections；　or　the　constitution　of　the　orb　of　ambassador…in…ordinary；　consisting　of　four　residences；　the　revolution　whereof　is　performed　in　eight　years；　and　preserved　through　the　election　of　one　ambassador　in　two　years　by　the　ballot　of　the　Senate　to　repair　to　the　Court　of　France；　and　reside　there　for　the　term　of　two　years；　and　the　term　of　two　years　being　expired；　to　remove　from　thence　to　the　Court　of　Spain；　there　to　continue　for　the　space　of　two　years；　and　thence　to　remove　to　the　State　of　Venice；　and　after　two　years'　residence　in　that　city　to　conclude　with　his　residence　at　Constantinople　for　a　like　term　of　time；　and　so　to　return。　A　knight　of　the　Senate；　or　a　deputy　of　the　prerogative；　may　not　be　elected　ambassador…in…ordinary；　because　a　knight　or　deputy　so　chosen　must　either　lose　his　session；　which　would　cause　au　unevenness　in　the　motion　of　this　commonwealth；　or　accumulate　magistracy；　which　agrees　not　with　equality　of　the　same。　Nor　may　any　man　be　elected　into　this　capacity　that　is　above　five…and…thirty　years　of　age；　lest　the　commonwealth　lose　the　charge　of　his　education；　by　being　deprived　at　his　return　of　the　fruit　of　it；　or　else　enjoy　it　not　long　through　the　defects　of　nature。〃　　　　　This　order　is　the　perspective　of　the　commonwealth；　whereby　she　foresees　danger；　or　the　traffic；　whereby　she　receives　every　two　years　the　return　of　a　statesman　enriched　with　eight　years'　experience　from　the　prime　marts　of　negotiation　in　Europe。　And　so　much　for　the　elections　in　the　Senate　that　are　ordinary；　such　as　are　extraordinary　follow　in　　　　　　The　eighteenth　order；　〃Appointing　all　elections　upon　emergent　occasions；　except　that　of　the　dictator；　to　be　made　by　the　scrutiny；　or　that　kind　of　election　whereby　a　council　comes　to　be　a　fifth　order　of　electors。　For　example；　if　there　be　occasion　of　an　ambassador…extraordinary；　the　provosts　of　the　Council　of　State；　or　any　two　of　them；　shall　propose　to　the　same；　till　one　competitor　be　chosen　by　that　council；　and　the　council　having　chosen　a　competitor；　shall　bring　his　name　into　the　Senate；　which　in　the　usual　way　shall　choose　four　more　competitors　to　the　same　magistracy；　and　put　them；　with　the　competitor　of　the　council；　to　the　ballot　of　the　house；　by　which　he　of　the　five　that　is　chosen　is　said　to　be　elected　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　Council　of　State。　A　vice…admiral；　a　polemarch；　or　field　officer；　shall　be　elected　after　the　same　manner；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　Council　of　War。　A　judge　or　sergeant…at…law；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　commissioners　of　the　seal。　A　baron；　or　considerable　officer　of　the　Exchequer；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　commissioners　of　the　Treasury：　Men　in　magistracy；　or　out　of　it；　are　equally　capable　of　election　by　the　scrutiny；　but　a　magistrate　or　officer　elected　by　the　scrutiny　to　a　military　employment；　if　he　be　neither　a　knight　of　the　Senate　nor　a　deputy　of　the　prerogative；　ought　to　have　his　office　confirmed　by　the　prerogative；　because　the　militia　in　a　commonwealth；　where　the　people　are　sovereign；　is　not　lawful　to　be　touched　injussu　populi。　　　　　The　Romans　were　so　curious　that；　though　their　consuls　were　elected　in　the　centuriate　assemblies；　they　might　not　touch　the　militia；　except　they　were　confirmed　in　the　parochial　assemblies；　for　a　magistrate　not　receiving　his　power　from　the　people；　takes　it　from　them；　and　to　take　away　their　power　is　to　take　away　their　liberty。　As　to　the　election　by　the　scrutiny；　it　is　easily　perceived　to　be　Venetian；　there　being　no　such　way　to　take　in　the　knowledge；　which　in　all　reason　must　be　best　in　every　council　of　such　men　as　are　most　fit　for　their　turns；　and　yet　to　keep　them　from　the　bias　of　particular　affection　or　interest　under　that　pretence；　for　the　cause　why　the　great　Council　in　Venice　scarce　ever　elects　any　other　than　the　name　that　is　brought　in　by　the　scrutiny；　is　very　probable　to　be；　that　they　may。。。　This　election　is　the　last　of　those　appertaining　to　the　Senate。　The　councils　being　chosen　by　the　orders　already　shown；　it　remains　that　we　come　to　those　whereby　they　are　instructed　and　the　orders　of　instruction　to　the　cou