laches-第2章

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only　his　shadow；　also　subsides　into　silence。　　Both　of　them；　by　their　own



confession；　have　been　ill…educated；　as　is　further　shown　by　the　circumstance



that　Lysimachus；　the　friend　of　Sophroniscus；　has　never　heard　of　the　fame　of



Socrates；　his　son；　they　belong　to　different　circles。　　In　the　Meno　their



want　of　education　in　all　but　the　arts　of　riding　and　wrestling　is　adduced　as



a　proof　that　virtue　cannot　be　taught。　　The　recognition　of　Socrates　by



Lysimachus　is　extremely　graceful；　and　his　military　exploits　naturally



connect　him　with　the　two　generals；　of　whom　one　has　witnessed　them。　　The



characters　of　Nicias　and　Laches　are　indicated　by　their　opinions　on　the



exhibition　of　the　man　fighting　in　heavy　armour。　　The　more　enlightened



Nicias　is　quite　ready　to　accept　the　new　art；　which　Laches　treats　with



ridicule；　seeming　to　think　that　this；　or　any　other　military　question；　may



be　settled　by　asking；　'What　do　the　Lacedaemonians　say？'　　The　one　is　the



thoughtful　general；　willing　to　avail　himself　of　any　discovery　in　the　art　of



war　（Aristoph。　Aves）；　the　other　is　the　practical　man；　who　relies　on　his　own



experience；　and　is　the　enemy　of　innovation；　he　can　act　but　cannot　speak；



and　is　apt　to　lose　his　temper。　　It　is　to　be　noted　that　one　of　them　is



supposed　to　be　a　hearer　of　Socrates；　the　other　is　only　acquainted　with　his



actions。　　Laches　is　the　admirer　of　the　Dorian　mode；　and　into　his　mouth　the



remark　is　put　that　there　are　some　persons　who；　having　never　been　taught；



are　better　than　those　who　have。　　Like　a　novice　in　the　art　of　disputation；



he　is　delighted　with　the　hits　of　Socrates；　and　is　disposed　to　be　angry　with



the　refinements　of　Nicias。







In　the　discussion　of　the　main　thesis　of　the　Dialogue'What　is　Courage？'



the　antagonism　of　the　two　characters　is　still　more　clearly　brought　out；　and



in　this；　as　in　the　preliminary　question；　the　truth　is　parted　between　them。



Gradually；　and　not　without　difficulty；　Laches　is　made　to　pass　on　from　the



more　popular　to　the　more　philosophical；　it　has　never　occurred　to　him　that



there　was　any　other　courage　than　that　of　the　soldier；　and　only　by　an　effort



of　the　mind　can　he　frame　a　general　notion　at　all。　　No　sooner　has　this



general　notion　been　formed　than　it　evanesces　before　the　dialectic　of



Socrates；　and　Nicias　appears　from　the　other　side　with　the　Socratic



doctrine；　that　courage　is　knowledge。　　This　is　explained　to　mean　knowledge



of　things　terrible　in　the　future。　　But　Socrates　denies　that　the　knowledge



of　the　future　is　separable　from　that　of　the　past　and　present；　in　other



words；　true　knowledge　is　not　that　of　the　soothsayer　but　of　the　philosopher。　



And　all　knowledge　will　thus　be　equivalent　to　all　virtuea　position　which



elsewhere　Socrates　is　not　unwilling　to　admit；　but　which　will　not　assist　us



in　distinguishing　the　nature　of　courage。　　In　this　part　of　the　Dialogue　the



contrast　between　the　mode　of　cross…examination　which　is　practised　by　Laches



and　by　Socrates；　and　also　the　manner　in　which　the　definition　of　Laches　is



made　to　approximate　to　that　of　Nicias；　are　worthy　of　attention。







Thus；　with　some　intimation　of　the　connexion　and　unity　of　virtue　and



knowledge；　we　arrive　at　no　distinct　result。　　The　two　aspects　of　courage　are



never　harmonized。　　The　knowledge　which　in　the　Protagoras　is　explained　as



the　faculty　of　estimating　pleasures　and　pains　is　here　lost　in　an　unmeaning



and　transcendental　conception。　　Yet　several　true　intimations　of　the　nature



of　courage　are　allowed　to　appear：　　（1）　That　courage　is　moral　as　well　as



physical：　　（2）　That　true　courage　is　inseparable　from　knowledge；　and　yet　（3）



is　based　on　a　natural　instinct。　　Laches　exhibits　one　aspect　of　courage；



Nicias　the　other。　　The　perfect　image　and　harmony　of　both　is　only　realized



in　Socrates　himself。







The　Dialogue　offers　one　among　many　examples　of　the　freedom　with　which　Plato



treats　facts。　　For　the　scene　must　be　supposed　to　have　occurred　between　B。C。



424；　the　year　of　the　battle　of　Delium；　and　B。C。　418；　the　year　of　the　battle



of　Mantinea；　at　which　Laches　fell。　　But　if　Socrates　was　more　than　seventy



years　of　age　at　his　trial　in　399　（see　Apology）；　he　could　not　have　been　a



young　man　at　any　time　after　the　battle　of　Delium。











LACHES；　OR　COURAGE。







by







Plato







Translated　by　Benjamin　Jowett











PERSONS　OF　THE　DIALOGUE：



Lysimachus；　son　of　Aristides。



Melesias；　son　of　Thucydides。



Their　sons。



Nicias；　Laches；　Socrates。











LYSIMACHUS：　　You　have　seen　the　exhibition　of　the　man　fighting　in　armour；



Nicias　and　Laches；　but　we　did　not　tell　you　at　the　time　the　reason　why　my



friend　Melesias　and　I　asked　you　to　go　with　us　and　see　him。　　I　think　that　we



may　as　well　confess　what　this　was；　for　we　certainly　ought　not　to　have　any



reserve　with　you。　　The　reason　was；　that　we　were　intending　to　ask　your



advice。　　Some　laugh　at　the　very　notion　of　advising　others；　and　when　they



are　asked　will　not　say　what　they　think。　　They　guess　at　the　wishes　of　the



person　who　asks　them；　and　answer　according　to　his；　and　not　according　to



their　own；　opinion。　　But　as　we　know　that　you　are　good　judges；　and　will　say



exactly　what　you　think；　we　have　taken　you　into　our　counsels。　　The　matter



about　which　I　am　making　all　this　preface　is　as　follows：　　Melesias　and　I



have　two　sons；　that　is　his　son；　and　he　is　named　Thucydides；　after　his



grandfather；　and　this　is　mine；　who　is　also　called　after　his　grandfather；



Aristides。　　Now；　we　are　resolved　to　take　the　greatest　care　of　the　youths；



and　not　to　let　them　run　about　as　they　like；　which　is　too　often　the　way　with



the　young；　when　they　are　no　longer　children；　but　to　begin　at　once　and　do



the　utmost　that　we　can　for　them。　　And　knowing　you　to　have　sons　of　your　own；



we　thought　that　you　were　most　likely　to　have　attended　to　their　training　and



improvement；　and；　if　perchance　you　have　not　attended　to　them；　we　may　remind



you　that　you　ought　to　have　done　so；　and　would　invite　you　to　assist　us　in



the　fulfilment　of　a　common　duty。　　I　will　tell　you；　Nicias　and　Laches；　even



at　the　risk　of　being　tedious；　how　we　came　to　think　of　this。　　Melesias　and　I



live　together；　and　our　sons　live　with　us；　and　now；　as　I　was　saying　at



first；　we　are　going　to　confess　to　you。　　Both　of　us　often　talk　to　the　lads



about　the　many　noble　deeds　which　our　own　fathers　did　in　war　and　peacein



the　management　of　the　allies；　and　in　the　administration　of　the　city；　but



neither　of　us　has　any　deeds　of　his　own　which　he　can　show。　　The　truth　is



that　we　are　ashamed　of　this　contrast　being　seen　by　them；　and　we　blame　our



fathers　for　letting　us　be　spoiled　in　the　days　of　our　youth；　while　they　were



occupied　with　the　concerns　of　others；　and　we　urge　all　this　upon　the　lads；



pointing　out　to　them　that　they　will　not　grow　up　to　honour　if　they　are



rebellious　and　take　no　pains　about　themselves；　but　that　if　they　take　pains



they　may；　perhaps；　become　worthy　of　the　names　which　they　bear。　　They；　on



their　part；　promise　to　comply　with　our　wishes；　and　our　care　is　to　discover



what　studies　or　pursuits　are　likely　to　be　most　improving　to　them。　　Some　one



commended　to　us　the　art　of　fighting　in　armour；　which　he　thought　an



excellent　accomplishment　for　a　young　man　to　learn；　and　he　praised　the　man



whose　exhibition　you　have　seen；　and　told　us　to　go　and　see　him。　　And　we



determined　that　we　would　go；　and　get　you　to　accompany　us；　and　we　were



intending　at　the　same　time；　if　you　did　not　object；　to　take　counsel　with　you



about　the　education　of　our　sons。　　That　is　the　matter　which　we　wanted　to



talk　over　with　you；　and　we　hope　that　you　will　give　us　your　opinion　about



this　art　of　fighting　in　armour；　and　abo