±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > wealbk04 >

µÚ21ÕÂ

wealbk04-µÚ21ÕÂ

С˵£º wealbk04 ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



very¡¡easily¡¡be¡¡prevented¡¡from¡¡disturbing¡¡the¡¡tranquillity¡¡of

anybody¡¡but¡¡themselves¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡monopoly¡¡which¡¡originally¡¡both

invented¡¡and¡¡propagated¡¡this¡¡doctrine¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡doubted£»¡¡and¡¡they

who¡¡first¡¡taught¡¡it¡¡were¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡such¡¡fools¡¡as¡¡they¡¡who

believed¡¡it¡£¡¡In¡¡every¡¡country¡¡it¡¡always¡¡is¡¡and¡¡must¡¡be¡¡the

interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡whatever¡¡they

want¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡sell¡¡it¡¡cheapest¡£¡¡The¡¡proposition¡¡is¡¡so¡¡very

manifest¡¡that¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡ridiculous¡¡to¡¡take¡¡any¡¡pains¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡it£»

nor¡¡could¡¡it¡¡ever¡¡have¡¡been¡¡called¡¡in¡¡question¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the

interested¡¡sophistry¡¡of¡¡merchants¡¡and¡¡manufacturers¡¡confounded

the¡¡common¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡mankind¡£¡¡Their¡¡interest¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect£»

directly¡¡opposite¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡As¡¡it

is¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡freemen¡¡of¡¡a¡¡corporation¡¡to¡¡hinder¡¡the

rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡from¡¡employing¡¡any¡¡workmen¡¡but

themselves£»¡¡so¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡merchants¡¡and

manufacturers¡¡of¡¡every¡¡country¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡to¡¡themselves¡¡the

monopoly¡¡of¡¡the¡¡home¡¡market¡£¡¡Hence¡¡in¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡most

other¡¡European¡¡countries£»¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡duties¡¡upon¡¡almost

all¡¡goods¡¡imported¡¡by¡¡alien¡¡merchants¡£¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡high¡¡duties¡¡and

prohibitions¡¡upon¡¡all¡¡those¡¡foreign¡¡manufactures¡¡which¡¡can¡¡come

into¡¡competition¡¡with¡¡our¡¡own¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡too£»¡¡the¡¡extraordinary

restraints¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡importation¡¡of¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡goods¡¡from

those¡¡countries¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡be

disadvantageous£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡from¡¡those¡¡against¡¡whom¡¡national

animosity¡¡happens¡¡to¡¡be¡¡most¡¡violently¡¡inflamed¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡a¡¡neighbouring¡¡nation£»¡¡however£»¡¡though

dangerous¡¡in¡¡war¡¡and¡¡politics£»¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡advantageous¡¡in

trade¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡hostility¡¡it¡¡may¡¡enable¡¡our¡¡enemies¡¡to

maintain¡¡fleets¡¡and¡¡armies¡¡superior¡¡to¡¡our¡¡own£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of

peace¡¡and¡¡commerce¡¡it¡¡must¡¡likewise¡¡enable¡¡them¡¡to¡¡exchange¡¡with

us¡¡to¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡value£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡afford¡¡a¡¡better¡¡market£»¡¡either¡¡for

the¡¡immediate¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡our¡¡own¡¡industry£»¡¡or¡¡for¡¡whatever¡¡is

purchased¡¡with¡¡that¡¡produce¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡rich¡¡man¡¡is¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a

better¡¡customer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡industrious¡¡people¡¡in¡¡his¡¡neighbourhood

than¡¡a¡¡poor£»¡¡so¡¡is¡¡likewise¡¡a¡¡rich¡¡nation¡£¡¡A¡¡rich¡¡man£»¡¡indeed£»

who¡¡is¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡manufacturer£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡very¡¡dangerous¡¡neighbour¡¡to

all¡¡those¡¡who¡¡deal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the

neighbourhood£»¡¡however£»¡¡by¡¡far¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡number£»¡¡profit¡¡by¡¡the

good¡¡market¡¡which¡¡his¡¡expense¡¡affords¡¡them¡£¡¡They¡¡even¡¡profit¡¡by

his¡¡underselling¡¡the¡¡poorer¡¡workmen¡¡who¡¡deal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡with

him¡£¡¡The¡¡manufacturers¡¡of¡¡a¡¡rich¡¡nation£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner£»¡¡may

no¡¡doubt¡¡be¡¡very¡¡dangerous¡¡rivals¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡their¡¡neighbours¡£

This¡¡very¡¡competition£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡advantageous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡body

of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡who¡¡profit¡¡greatly¡¡besides¡¡by¡¡the¡¡good¡¡market

which¡¡the¡¡great¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡affords¡¡them¡¡in¡¡every

other¡¡way¡£¡¡Private¡¡people¡¡who¡¡want¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡fortune¡¡never¡¡think

of¡¡retiring¡¡to¡¡the¡¡remote¡¡and¡¡poor¡¡provinces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡but

resort¡¡either¡¡to¡¡the¡¡capital£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡commercial

towns¡£¡¡They¡¡know¡¡that¡¡where¡¡little¡¡wealth¡¡circulates¡¡there¡¡is

little¡¡to¡¡be¡¡got£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡where¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡is¡¡in¡¡motion£»¡¡some

share¡¡of¡¡it¡¡may¡¡fall¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡maxims¡¡which¡¡would¡¡in¡¡this

manner¡¡direct¡¡the¡¡common¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡one£»¡¡or¡¡ten£»¡¡or¡¡twenty

individuals£»¡¡should¡¡regulate¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡of¡¡one£»¡¡or¡¡ten£»¡¡or

twenty¡¡millions£»¡¡and¡¡should¡¡make¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡nation¡¡regard¡¡the¡¡riches

of¡¡its¡¡neighbours¡¡as¡¡a¡¡probable¡¡cause¡¡and¡¡occasion¡¡for¡¡itself¡¡to

acquire¡¡riches¡£¡¡A¡¡nation¡¡that¡¡would¡¡enrich¡¡itself¡¡by¡¡foreign

trade¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡most¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡when¡¡its¡¡neighbours¡¡are

all¡¡rich£»¡¡industrious£»¡¡and¡¡commercial¡¡nations¡£¡¡A¡¡great¡¡nation

surrounded¡¡on¡¡all¡¡sides¡¡by¡¡wandering¡¡savages¡¡and¡¡poor¡¡barbarians

might£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡acquire¡¡riches¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cultivation¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own

lands£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡its¡¡own¡¡interior¡¡commerce£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡by¡¡foreign

trade¡£¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in¡¡this¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ancient

Egyptians¡¡and¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡Chinese¡¡acquired¡¡their¡¡great¡¡wealth¡£¡¡The

ancient¡¡Egyptians£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡neglected¡¡foreign¡¡commerce£»¡¡and

the¡¡modern¡¡Chinese£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡known£»¡¡bold¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡contempt£»

and¡¡scarce¡¡deign¡¡to¡¡afford¡¡it¡¡the¡¡decent¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡£

The¡¡modern¡¡maxims¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡commerce£»¡¡by¡¡aiming¡¡at¡¡the

impoverishment¡¡of¡¡all¡¡our¡¡neighbours£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡capable

of¡¡producing¡¡their¡¡intended¡¡effect£»¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡render¡¡that¡¡very

commerce¡¡insignificant¡¡and¡¡contemptible¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡these¡¡maxims¡¡that¡¡the¡¡commerce

between¡¡France¡¡and¡¡England¡¡has¡¡in¡¡both¡¡countries¡¡been¡¡subjected

to¡¡so¡¡many¡¡discouragements¡¡and¡¡restraints¡£¡¡If¡¡those¡¡two

countries£»¡¡however£»¡¡were¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡their¡¡real¡¡interest£»¡¡without

either¡¡mercantile¡¡jealousy¡¡or¡¡national¡¡animosity£»¡¡the¡¡commerce¡¡of

France¡¡might¡¡be¡¡more¡¡advantageous¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of

any¡¡other¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Great¡¡Britain

to¡¡France¡£¡¡France¡¡is¡¡the¡¡nearest¡¡neighbour¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡£¡¡In

the¡¡trade¡¡between¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡England¡¡and¡¡the¡¡northern

and¡¡north¡­western¡¡coasts¡¡of¡¡France£»¡¡the¡¡returns¡¡might¡¡be

expected£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡inland¡¡trade£»¡¡four£»¡¡five£»

or¡¡six¡¡times¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡£¡¡The¡¡capital£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡employed¡¡in

this¡¡trade¡¡could¡¡in¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡countries¡¡keep¡¡in¡¡motion

four£»¡¡five£»¡¡or¡¡six¡¡times¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡afford

employment¡¡and¡¡subsistence¡¡to¡¡four£»¡¡five£»¡¡or¡¡six¡¡times¡¡the¡¡number

of¡¡people£»¡¡which¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡capital¡¡could¡¡do¡¡in¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of

the¡¡other¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡trade¡£¡¡Between¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡France

and¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡most¡¡remote¡¡from¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡the¡¡returns¡¡might

be¡¡expected£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡once¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡this¡¡trade

would¡¡so¡¡far¡¡be¡¡at¡¡least¡¡equally¡¡advantageous¡¡as¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part

of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡our¡¡foreign¡¡European¡¡trade¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be£»

at¡¡least£»¡¡three¡¡times¡¡more¡¡advantageous¡¡than¡¡the¡¡boasted¡¡trade

with¡¡our¡¡North¡¡American¡¡colonies£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡returns¡¡were

seldom¡¡made¡¡in¡¡less¡¡than¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡frequently¡¡not¡¡in¡¡less¡¡than

four¡¡or¡¡five¡¡years¡£¡¡France£»¡¡besides£»¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡contain

twenty¡­four¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡inhabitants¡£¡¡Our¡¡North¡¡American¡¡colonies

were¡¡never¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡contain¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡millions£»¡¡and

France¡¡is¡¡a¡¡much¡¡richer¡¡country¡¡than¡¡North¡¡America£»¡¡though£»¡¡on

account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡more¡¡unequal¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡riches£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡much

more¡¡poverty¡¡and¡¡beggary¡¡in¡¡the¡¡one¡¡country¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡£

France£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡could¡¡afford¡¡a¡¡market¡¡at¡¡least¡¡eight¡¡times

more¡¡extensive£»¡¡and£»¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡frequency¡¡of¡¡the

returns£»¡¡four¡­and¡­twenty¡¡times¡¡more¡¡advantageous¡¡than¡¡that¡¡which

our¡¡North¡¡American¡¡colonies¡¡ever¡¡afforded¡£¡¡The¡¡trade¡¡of¡¡Great

Britain¡¡would¡¡be¡¡just¡¡as¡¡advantageous¡¡to¡¡France£»¡¡and£»¡¡in

proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wealth£»¡¡population£»¡¡and¡¡proximity¡¡of¡¡the

respective¡¡countries£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡the¡¡same¡¡superiority¡¡over¡¡that

which¡¡France¡¡carries¡¡on¡¡with¡¡her¡¡own¡¡colonies¡£¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡very

great¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡that¡¡trade£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡both

nations¡¡has¡¡thought¡¡proper¡¡to¡¡discourage£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has

favoured¡¡the¡¡most¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡very¡¡same¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡would¡¡have¡¡rendered¡¡an

open¡¡and¡¡free¡¡commerce¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡countries¡¡so¡¡advantageous

to¡¡both£»¡¡have¡¡occasioned¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡obstructions¡¡to¡¡that

commerce¡£¡¡Being¡¡neighbours£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡necessarily¡¡enemies£»¡¡and¡¡the

wealth¡¡and¡¡power¡¡of¡¡each¡¡becomes£»¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡account£»¡¡more

formidable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡would¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of

national¡¡friendship¡¡serves¡¡only¡¡to¡¡inflame¡¡the¡¡violence¡¡of

national¡¡animosity¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡both¡¡rich¡¡and¡¡industrious¡¡nations£»

and¡¡the¡¡merchants¡¡and¡¡manufacturers¡¡of¡¡each¡¡dread¡¡the¡¡competition

of¡¡the¡¡skill¡¡and¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡Mercantile

jealousy¡¡is¡¡excited£»¡¡and¡¡both¡¡inflames£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡itself¡¡inflamed£»

by¡¡the¡¡violence¡¡of¡¡national¡¡animosity£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡traders¡¡of¡¡both

countries¡¡have¡¡announced£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡passionate¡¡confidence¡¡of

interested¡¡falsehood£»¡¡the¡¡certain¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡each£»¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of

that¡¡unfavourable¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡trade£»¡¡which£»¡¡they¡¡pretend£»¡¡would¡¡be

the¡¡infallible¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡an¡¡unrestrained¡¡commerce¡¡with¡¡the¡¡other¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡commercial¡¡country¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the

approaching¡¡ruin¡¡has¡¡not¡¡frequently¡¡be

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ