industrial biography-第34章
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CHAPTER VII。
THE INVENTIONS OF HENRY CORT。
〃I have always found it in mine own experience an easier matter to
devise manie and profitable inventions; than to dispose of one of
them to the good of the author himself。〃Sir Hugh Platt; 1589。
Henry Cort was born in 1740 at Lancaster; where his father carried on
the trade of a builder and brickmaker。 Nothing is known as to Henry's
early history; but he seems to have raised himself by his own efforts
to a respectable position。 In 1765 we find him established in Surrey
Street; Strand; carrying on the business of a navy agent; in which he
is said to have realized considerable profits。 It was while
conducting this business that he became aware of the inferiority of
British iron compared with that obtained from foreign countries。 The
English wrought iron was considered so bad that it was prohibited
from all government supplies; while the cast iron was considered of
too brittle a nature to be suited for general use。*
'footnote。。。
Life of Brunel; p。 60。
。。。'
Indeed the Russian government became so
persuaded that the English nation could not carry on their
manufactures without Russian iron; that in 1770 they ordered the
price to be raised from 70 and 80 copecs per pood to 200 and 220
copecs per pood。*
'footnote。。。
SCRIVENOR; History of the Iron Trade; 169。
。。。'
Such being the case; Cort's attention became directed to the subject
in connection with the supply of iron to the Navy; and he entered on
a series of experiments with the object of improving the manufacture
of English iron。 What the particular experiments were; and by what
steps he arrived at results of so much importance to the British iron
trade; no one can now tell。 All that is known is; that about the year
1775 he relinquished his business as a navy agent; and took a lease
of certain premises at Fontley; near Fareham; at the north…western
corner of Portsmouth Harbour; where he erected a forge and an iron
mill。 He was afterwards joined in partnership by Samuel Jellicoe (son
of Adam Jellicoe; then Deputy…Paymaster of Seamen's Wages); which
turned out; as will shortly appear; a most unfortunate connection for
Cort。
As in the case of other inventions; Cort took up the manufacture of
iron at the point to which his predecessors had brought it; carrying
it still further; and improving upon their processes。 We may here
briefly recite the steps by which the manufacture of bar…iron by
means of pit…coal had up to this time been advanced。 In 1747; Mr。
Ford succeeded at Coalbrookdale in smelting iron ore with pit…coal;
after which it was refined in the usual way by means of coke and
charcoal。 In 1762; Dr。 Roebuck (hereafter to be referred to) took out
a patent for melting the cast or pig iron in a hearth heated with
pit…coal by the blast of bellows; and then working the iron until it
was reduced to nature; or metallized; as it was termed; after which
it was exposed to the action of a hollow pit…coal fire urged by a
blast; until it was reduced to a loop and drawn out into bar…iron
under a common forge…hammer。 Then the brothers Cranege; in 1766;
adopted the reverberatory or air furnace; in which they placed the
pig or cast iron; and without blast or the addition of anything more
than common raw pit…coal; converted the same into good malleable
iron; which being taken red hot from the reverberatory furnace to the
forge hammer; was drawn into bars according to the will of the
workman。 Peter Onions of Merthyr Tydvil; in 1783; carried the
manufacture a stage further; as described by him in his patent of
that year。 Having charged his furnace (〃bound with iron work and well
annealed〃) with pig or fused cast iron from the smelting furnace; it
was closed up and the doors were luted with sand。 The fire was urged
by a blast admitted underneath; apparently for the purpose of keeping
up the combustion of the fuel on the grate。 Thus Onions' furnace was
of the nature of a puddling furnace; the fire of which was urged by a
blast。 The fire was to be kept up until the metal became less fluid;
and 〃thickened into a kind of froth; which the workman; by opening
the door; must turn and stir with a bar or other iron instrument; and
then close the aperture again; applying the blast and fire until
there was a ferment in the metal。〃 The patent further describes that
〃as the workman stirs the metal;〃 the scoriae will separate; 〃and the
particles of iron will adhere; which particles the workman must
collect or gather into a mass or lump。〃 This mass or lump was then to
be raised to a white heat; and forged into malleable iron at the
forge…hammer。
Such was the stage of advance reached in the manufacture of bar…iron;
when Henry Cort published his patents in 1783 and 1784。 In dispensing
with a blast; he had been anticipated by the Craneges; and in the
process of puddling by Onions; but he introduced so many improvements
of an original character; with which he combined the inventions of
his predecessors; as to establish quite a new era in the history of
the iron manufacture; and; in the course of a few years; to raise it
to the highest state of prosperity。 As early as 1786; Lord Sheffield
recognised the great national importance of Cort's improvements in
the following words: … If Mr。 Cort's very ingenious and meritorious
improvements in the art of making and working iron; the steam…engine
of Boulton and Watt; and Lord Dundonald's discovery of making coke at
half the present price; should all succeed; it is not asserting too
much to say that the result will be more advantageous to Great
Britain than the possession of the thirteen colonies (of America);
for it will give the complete command of the iron trade to this
country; with its vast advantages to navigation。〃 It is scarcely
necessary here to point out how completely the anticipations of Lord
Sheffield have been fulfilled; sanguine though they might appear to
be when uttered some seventy…six years ago。*
'footnote。。。
Although the iron manufacture had gradually been increasing since the
middle of the century; it was as yet comparatively insignificant in
amount。 Thus we find; from a statement by W。 Wilkinson; dated Dec。
25; 1791; contained in the memorandum…book of Wm。 Reynolds of
Coalbrookdale; that the produce in England and Scotland was then
estimated to be
Coke Furnaces。 Charcoal Furnaces。
In England 。。。。。。73 producing 67;548 tons 20 producing 8500 tons
In Scotland。。。。。。12 〃 12;480 〃 2 〃 1000 〃
85 〃 80;028 〃 22 〃 9500 〃
At the same time the annual import of Oregrounds iron from Sweden
amounted to about 20;000 tons; and of bars and slabs from Russia
about 50;000 tons; at an average cost of 35L。 a ton!
。。。'
We will endeavour as briefly as possible to point out the important
character of Mr。 Cort's improvements; as embodied in his two patents
of 1783 and 1784。 In the first he states that; after 〃great study;
labour; and expense; in trying a variety of experiments; and making
many discoveries; he had invented and brought to perfection a
peculiar method and process of preparing; welding; and working
various sorts of iron; and of reducing the same into uses by
machinery: a furnace; and other apparatus; adapted and applied to the
said process。〃 He first describes his method of making iron for
〃large uses;〃 such as shanks; arms; rings; and palms of anchors; by
the method of piling and faggoting; since become generally practised;
by laying bars of iron of suitable lengths; forged on purpose; and
tapering so as to be thinner at one end than the other; laid over one
another in the manner of bricks in buildings; so that the ends should
everywhere overlay each other。 The faggots so prepared; to the amount
of half a