贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > industrial biography >

第34章

industrial biography-第34章

小说: industrial biography 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!










CHAPTER VII。



THE INVENTIONS OF HENRY CORT。



〃I have always found it in mine own experience an easier matter to

devise manie and profitable inventions; than to dispose of one of

them to the good of the author himself。〃Sir Hugh Platt; 1589。





Henry Cort was born in 1740 at Lancaster; where his father carried on

the trade of a builder and brickmaker。  Nothing is known as to Henry's

early history; but he seems to have raised himself by his own efforts

to a respectable position。  In 1765 we find him established in Surrey

Street; Strand; carrying on the business of a navy agent; in which he

is said to have realized considerable profits。  It was while

conducting this business that he became aware of the inferiority of

British iron compared with that obtained from foreign countries。  The

English wrought iron was considered so bad that it was prohibited

from all government supplies; while the cast iron was considered of

too brittle a nature to be suited for general use。*

 'footnote。。。

Life of Brunel; p。 60。

 。。。'

Indeed the Russian government became so

persuaded that the English nation could not carry on their

manufactures without Russian iron; that in 1770 they ordered the

price to be raised from 70 and 80 copecs per pood to 200 and 220

copecs per pood。*

 'footnote。。。

SCRIVENOR; History of the Iron Trade; 169。

 。。。'



Such being the case; Cort's attention became directed to the subject

in connection with the supply of iron to the Navy; and he entered on

a series of experiments with the object of improving the manufacture

of English iron。  What the particular experiments were; and by what

steps he arrived at results of so much importance to the British iron

trade; no one can now tell。  All that is known is; that about the year

1775 he relinquished his business as a navy agent; and took a lease

of certain premises at Fontley; near Fareham; at the north…western

corner of Portsmouth Harbour; where he erected a forge and an iron

mill。  He was afterwards joined in partnership by Samuel Jellicoe (son

of Adam Jellicoe; then Deputy…Paymaster of Seamen's Wages); which

turned out; as will shortly appear; a most unfortunate connection for

Cort。



As in the case of other inventions; Cort took up the manufacture of

iron at the point to which his predecessors had brought it; carrying

it still further; and improving upon their processes。  We may here

briefly recite the steps by which the manufacture of bar…iron by

means of pit…coal had up to this time been advanced。  In 1747; Mr。

Ford succeeded at Coalbrookdale in smelting iron ore with pit…coal;

after which it was refined in the usual way by means of coke and

charcoal。  In 1762; Dr。 Roebuck (hereafter to be referred to) took out

a patent for melting the cast or pig iron in a hearth heated with

pit…coal by the blast of bellows; and then working the iron until it

was reduced to nature; or metallized; as it was termed; after which

it was exposed to the action of a hollow pit…coal fire urged by a

blast; until it was reduced to a loop and drawn out into bar…iron

under a common forge…hammer。  Then the brothers Cranege; in 1766;

adopted the reverberatory or air furnace; in which they placed the

pig or cast iron; and without blast or the addition of anything more

than common raw pit…coal; converted the same into good malleable

iron; which being taken red hot from the reverberatory furnace to the

forge hammer; was drawn into bars according to the will of the

workman。  Peter Onions of Merthyr Tydvil; in 1783; carried the

manufacture a stage further; as described by him in his patent of

that year。  Having charged his furnace (〃bound with iron work and well

annealed〃) with pig or fused cast iron from the smelting furnace; it

was closed up and the doors were luted with sand。  The fire was urged

by a blast admitted underneath; apparently for the purpose of keeping

up the combustion of the fuel on the grate。  Thus Onions' furnace was

of the nature of a puddling furnace; the fire of which was urged by a

blast。  The fire was to be kept up until the metal became less fluid;

and 〃thickened into a kind of froth; which the workman; by opening

the door; must turn and stir with a bar or other iron instrument; and

then close the aperture again; applying the blast and fire until

there was a ferment in the metal。〃  The patent further describes that

〃as the workman stirs the metal;〃 the scoriae will separate; 〃and the

particles of iron will adhere; which particles the workman must

collect or gather into a mass or lump。〃  This mass or lump was then to

be raised to a white heat; and forged into malleable iron at the

forge…hammer。



Such was the stage of advance reached in the manufacture of bar…iron;

when Henry Cort published his patents in 1783 and 1784。  In dispensing

with a blast; he had been anticipated by the Craneges; and in the

process of puddling by Onions; but he introduced so many improvements

of an original character; with which he combined the inventions of

his predecessors; as to establish quite a new era in the history of

the iron manufacture; and; in the course of a few years; to raise it

to the highest state of prosperity。  As early as 1786; Lord Sheffield

recognised the great national importance of Cort's improvements in

the following words:  … If Mr。 Cort's very ingenious and meritorious

improvements in the art of making and working iron; the steam…engine

of Boulton and Watt; and Lord Dundonald's discovery of making coke at

half the present price; should all succeed; it is not asserting too

much to say that the result will be more advantageous to Great

Britain than the possession of the thirteen colonies (of America);

for it will give the complete command of the iron trade to this

country; with its vast advantages to navigation。〃  It is scarcely

necessary here to point out how completely the anticipations of Lord

Sheffield have been fulfilled; sanguine though they might appear to

be when uttered some seventy…six years ago。*

 'footnote。。。

Although the iron manufacture had gradually been increasing since the

middle of the century; it was as yet comparatively insignificant in

amount。  Thus we find; from a statement by W。  Wilkinson; dated Dec。

25; 1791; contained in the memorandum…book of Wm。  Reynolds of

Coalbrookdale; that the produce in England and Scotland was then

estimated to be



                   Coke Furnaces。               Charcoal Furnaces。



 In England 。。。。。。73 producing 67;548 tons      20 producing 8500 tons

 In Scotland。。。。。。12     〃     12;480   〃        2     〃     1000   〃

                                               

                  85     〃     80;028   〃       22     〃     9500   〃





At the same time the annual import of Oregrounds iron from Sweden

amounted to about 20;000 tons; and of bars and slabs from Russia

about 50;000 tons; at an average cost of 35L。 a ton!

 。。。'



We will endeavour as briefly as possible to point out the important

character of Mr。 Cort's improvements; as embodied in his two patents

of 1783 and 1784。  In the first he states that; after 〃great study;

labour; and expense; in trying a variety of experiments; and making

many discoveries; he had invented and brought to perfection a

peculiar method and process of preparing; welding; and working

various sorts of iron; and of reducing the same into uses by

machinery:  a furnace; and other apparatus; adapted and applied to the

said process。〃  He first describes his method of making iron for

〃large uses;〃 such as shanks; arms; rings; and palms of anchors; by

the method of piling and faggoting; since become generally practised;

by laying bars of iron of suitable lengths; forged on purpose; and

tapering so as to be thinner at one end than the other; laid over one

another in the manner of bricks in buildings; so that the ends should

everywhere overlay each other。  The faggots so prepared; to the amount

of half a 

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的