war of the classes-第16章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
157;000;000 pounds。
But England's adverse balances of trade in themselves are nothing at
which to be frightened。 Hitherto they have been paid from out the
earnings of her shipping and the interest on her foreign
investments。 But what does cause anxiety; however; is that;
relative to the trade development of other countries; her export
trade is falling off; without a corresponding diminution of her
imports; and that her securities and foreign holdings do not seem
able to stand the added strain。 These she is being forced to sell
in order to pull even。 As the London Times gloomily remarks; 〃We
are entering the twentieth century on the down grade; after a
prolonged period of business activity; high wages; high profits; and
overflowing revenue。〃 In other words; the mighty grasp England held
over the resources and capital of the world is being relaxed。 The
control of its commerce and banking is slipping through her fingers。
The sale of her foreign holdings advertises the fact that other
nations are capable of buying them; and; further; that these other
nations are busily producing surplus value。
The movement has become general。 Today; passing from country to
country; an ever…increasing tide of capital is welling up。
Production is doubling and quadrupling upon itself。 It used to be
that the impoverished or undeveloped nations turned to England when
it came to borrowing; but now Germany is competing keenly with her
in this matter。 France is not averse to lending great sums to
Russia; and Austria…Hungary has capital and to spare for foreign
holdings。
Nor has the United States failed to pass from the side of the debtor
to that of the creditor nations。 She; too; has become wise in the
way of producing surplus value。 She has been successful in her
efforts to secure economic emancipation。 Possessing but 5 per cent
of the world's population and producing 32 per cent of the world's
food supply; she has been looked upon as the world's farmer; but
now; amidst general consternation; she comes forward as the world's
manufacturer。 In 1888 her manufactured exports amounted to
130;300;087; in 1896; to 253;681;541; in 1897; to 279;652;721; in
1898; to 307;924;994; in 1899; to 338;667;794; and in 1900; to
432;000;000。 Regarding her growing favorable balances of trade; it
may be noted that not only are her imports not increasing; but they
are actually falling off; while her exports in the last decade have
increased 72。4 per cent。 In ten years her imports from Europe have
been reduced from 474;000;000 to 439;000;000; while in the same
time her exports have increased from 682;000;000 to 1;111;000;000。
Her balance of trade in her favor in 1895 was 75;000;000; in 1896;
over 100;000;000; in 1897; nearly 300;000;000; in 1898;
615;000;000; in 1899; 530;000;000; and in 1900; 648;000;000。
In the matter of iron; the United States; which in 1840 had not
dreamed of entering the field of international competition; in 1897;
as much to her own surprise as any one else's; undersold the English
in their own London market。 In 1899 there was but one American
locomotive in Great Britain; but; of the five hundred locomotives
sold abroad by the United States in 1902; England bought more than
any other country。 Russia is operating a thousand of them on her
own roads today。 In one instance the American manufacturers
contracted to deliver a locomotive in four and one…half months for
9250; the English manufacturers requiring twenty…four months for
delivery at 14;000。 The Clyde shipbuilders recently placed orders
for 150;000 tons of plates at a saving of 250;000; and the American
steel going into the making of the new London subway is taken as a
matter of course。 American tools stand above competition the world
over。 Ready…made boots and shoes are beginning to flood Europe;
the same with machinery; bicycles; agricultural implements; and all
kinds of manufactured goods。 A correspondent from Hamburg; speaking
of the invasion of American trade; says: 〃Incidentally; it may be
remarked that the typewriting machine with which this article is
written; as well as the thousandsnay; hundreds of thousandsof
others that are in use throughout the world; were made in America;
that it stands on an American table; in an office furnished with
American desks; bookcases; and chairs; which cannot be made in
Europe of equal quality; so practical and convenient; for a similar
price。〃
In 1893 and 1894; because of the distrust of foreign capital; the
United States was forced to buy back American securities held
abroad; but in 1897 and 1898 she bought back American securities
held abroad; not because she had to; but because she chose to。 And
not only has she bought back her own securities; but in the last
eight years she has become a buyer of the securities of other
countries。 In the money markets of London; Paris; and Berlin she is
a lender of money。 Carrying the largest stock of gold in the world;
the world; in moments of danger; when crises of international
finance loom large; looks to her vast lending ability for safety。
Thus; in a few swift years; has the United States drawn up to the
van where the great industrial nations are fighting for commercial
and financial empire。 The figures of the race; in which she passed
England; are interesting:
Year United States Exports United Kingdom Exports
1875 497;263;737 1;087;497;000
1885 673;593;506 1;037;124;000
1895 807;742;415 1;100;452;000
1896 986;830;080 1;168;671;000
1897 1;079;834;296 1;139;882;000
1898 1;233;564;828 1;135;642;000
1899 1;253;466;000 1;287;971;000
1900 1;453;013;659 1;418;348;000
As Mr。 Henry Demarest Lloyd has noted; 〃When the news reached
Germany of the new steel trust in America; the stocks of the iron
and steel mills listed on the Berlin Bourse fell。〃 While Europe has
been talking and dreaming of the greatness which was; the United
States has been thinking and planning and doing for the greatness to
be。 Her captains of industry and kings of finance have toiled and
sweated at organizing and consolidating production and
transportation。 But this has been merely the developmental stage;
the tuning…up of the orchestra。 With the twentieth century rises
the curtain on the play;a play which shall have much in it of
comedy and a vast deal of tragedy; and which has been well named The
Capitalistic Conquest of Europe by America。 Nations do not die
easily; and one of the first moves of Europe will be the erection of
tariff walls。 America; however; will fittingly reply; for already
her manufacturers are establishing works in France and Germany。 And
when the German trade journals refused to accept American
advertisements; they found their country flamingly bill…boarded in
buccaneer American fashion。
M。 Leroy…Beaulieu; the French economist; is passionately preaching a
commercial combination of the whole Continent against the United
States;a commercial alliance which; he boldly declares; should
become a political alliance。 And in this he is not alone; finding
ready sympathy and ardent support in Austria; Italy; and Germany。
Lord Rosebery said; in a recent speech before the Wolverhampton
Chamber of Commerce: 〃The Americans; with their vast and almost
incalculable resources; their acuteness and enterprise; and their
huge population; which will probably be 100;000;000 in twenty years;
together with the plan they have adopted for putting accumulated
wealth into great cooperative syndicates or trusts for the purpose
of carrying on this great commercial warfare; are the most
formidable 。 。 。 rivals to be feared。〃
The London Times says: 〃It is useless to disguise the fact that
Great Britain is being outdistanced。 The competition does not come
fro