english-第5章

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Inhalant
Substances　such　as　spray　paint；　freon；　and　glue　that　produce　an　intoxicating　effect　when　inhaled。

Innate　
Occurring　without　learning；　inborn。　

Insanity
A　legal　term　representing　the　inability　to　know　right　from　wrong　or　the　inability　to　understand　the　consequences　of　one's　actions。　

Insight　
The　understanding　of　a　relationship　between　current　thoughts；　feelings；　and/or　behaviors　and　where　these　originated　or　how　they　are　maintained。　

Instinct　
A　behavior　we　are　born　with　and　therefore　does　not　need　to　be　learned。

Intelligence
The　degree　to　which　one　can　adapt　to　one’s　environment。　

Intelligence　Quotient　＇IQ＇　
The　scores　achieved　on　psychological　tests　aimed　at　quantifying　intellectual　ability。　

Interaction　Effects
When　the　effect　of　one　variable　on　another　is　contingent　on　a　third　variable；　this　contingency　is　called　an　interaction　effect。　

Internal　Consistency
An　estimate　of　how　reliable　a　test　is　when　items　on　the　test　are　pared　to　each　other。　See　split…half　and　odd…even　reliability。

Internal　Locus　of　Control　
The　belief　that　an　individual　has　more　control　over　life　circumstances　than　the　environment　does。　

Internal　Validity
A　measure　of　the　trustworthiness　of　a　sample　of　data。　Internal　validity　looks　at　the　subject；　testing；　and　environment　in　which　the　data　collection　took　place。

Interquartile　Range
The　difference　between　the　scores　（or　estimated　scores）　at　the　75th　percentile　and　the　25th　percentile。　Used　more　than　the　range　because　it　eliminates　extreme　scores。

Interval　Estimation
Estimating　the　population　statistic　based　on　a　range　around　a　sample　statistic。

Interval　Scale
Any　scale　of　measurement　possessing　magnitude　and　equal　intervals；　but　not　an　absolute　zero。

Interview
A　subjective　personality　and　mental　health　assessment　typically　consisting　of　questions　and　answers。

Intrinsic　Motivation　
The　motivation　or　desire　to　do　something　based　on　the　enjoyment　of　the　behavior　itself　rather　than　relying　on　or　requiring　external　reinforcement。　

Introspection
The　process　of　examining　one's　own　consciousness。

Introversion　
The　tendency　to　focus　energy　inward　resulting　in　decreased　social　interaction。　

J

Just　Noticeable　Difference　
The　smallest　change　in　a　sensory　perception　that　is　detectable　50％　of　the　time。

Jung；　Carl
A　student　of　Freud　who　split　from　the　Psychoanalytic　Society　because　of　his　disagreements　with　Freud；　especially　his　view　of　the　collective　unconscious。

K

Kurtosis
The　shape　of　a　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　（See　Leptokurtic；　Mesokurtic；　and　Platykurtic）。

L

Latency　Stage
Freud's　fourth　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　sexuality　is　repressed　in　the　unconscious　and　children　focus　on　identifying　with　their　same　sex　parent　and　interact　with　same　sex　peers。

Latent　Content
Freud's　term　for　the　underlying　or　hidden　content　represented　in　the　symbols　of　dreams。

Latent　Learning　
Learning　that　occurs　without　apparent　reinforcement　but　is　not　demonstrated　until　such　time　as　reinforcement　occurs。　

Law　of　Effect　
Theory　proposed　by　Thorndike　stating　that　those　responses　that　are　followed　by　a　positive　consequence　will　be　repeated　more　frequently　than　those　that　are　not。　

Learned　Helplessness　
A　condition　that　occurs　after　a　period　of　negative　consequences　where　the　person　begins　to　believe　they　have　no　control。　

Learning
A　relatively　permanent　change　in　behavior　due　to　an　interaction　with　the　environment。

Learning　Theory　
Based　on　the　idea　that　changes　in　behavior　result　more　from　experience　and　less　from　our　personality　or　how　we　think　or　feel　about　a　situation。

Legitimate　Power　
Power　derived　through　one's　position；　such　as　a　police　officer　or　elected　official。

Libido　
Sigmund　Freud’s　terminology　of　sexual　energy　or　sexual　drive。　

Limbic　System
A　brain　system　that　plays　a　role　in　emotional　expression；　particularly　in　the　emotional　ponent　of　behavior；　memory；　and　motivation。

Locus　of　Control　
A　belief　about　the　amount　of　control　a　person　has　over　situations　in　their　life。　

Longitudinal　Study
A　research　design　that　assesses　the　effects　of　development　（maturation）　by　using　the　same　subjects　over　an　extended　period　of　time

Long　Term　Memory　
Relatively　permanent　memory。　

Lower　Confidence　Limit
The　lower　limit　of　a　confidence　interval。　If　prediction　states　that　the　true　score　falls　between　80　and　90；　then　the　lower　confidence　level　is　80。

Lucid　Dream　
A　dream　in　which　you　are　aware　of　dreaming　and　are　sometimes　able　to　manipulate　the　dream。

心理学英文名词解释02

M

Magnitude
Characteristic　of　a　scale　of　measurement　where　the　individual　units　possess　the　qualities　of　greater　than；　equal　to；　or　less　than。

Main　Effect
The　effect　of　one　variable　on　another　without　any　other　variables　or　subgroups　involvement。

Manifest　Content
According　to　Freud；　the　story…like　superficial　content　of　a　dream；　often　representing　only　the　daily　activities　and　little　underlying　unconscious　material。

Maslow；　Abraham
Humanistic　Theorist　most　famous　for　the　development　of　the　Hierarchy　of　Needs。

Maturation　
Changes　due　to　the　natural　process　of　aging　as　determined　by　your　genetics　

Mean　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　determined　by　adding　all　scores　together　and　dividing　by　the　number　of　scores。　Often　referred　to　as　the　statistical　average。

Measure　of　Central　Tendency　
An　average　（see　Mean；　Median；　and/or　Mode）

Measurement；　Scales　of
Categories　of　data　based　on　their　numerical　characteristics　（See　Ratio；　Interval；　Ordinal；　and　Nominal　Scales）

Median　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　that　uses　the　middle　most　occurring　score　in　a　distribution　（the　score　that　occurs　at　exactly　the　50th　percentile）。

Medulla　Oblongata
Part　of　the　brainstem　that　controls　vital　life…sustaining　functions　such　as　heartbeat；　breathing；　blood　pressure；　and　digestion。

Memory　Effect
Error　in　research　that　results　from　subjects　recalling　previous　testing　and　applying　that　knowledge　to　current　testing。

Mesokurtic
A　curve　or　distribution　that　has　a　balanced　amount　of　variance　so　that　is　resembles　a　normal　curve。

Meta　Analysis
The　statistical　procedure　used　to　bine　numerous　and　independent　research　results　into　one　study。　Each　research　study　bees　one　subject　in　the　meta…analysis。

Minnesota　Multiphasic　Personality　Inventory；　2nd。　Edition　
An　Objective　test　utilizing　567　items　which　have　been　empirically　derived　to　measure　a　variety　of　psychological　concerns。

MMPI…2　
See　Minnesota　Multiphasic　Personality　Inventory；　2nd。　Edition。

Mode　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　that　uses　the　most　frequently　occurring　score。　A　distribution　with　two　or　more　scores　that　are　equal　and　occur　most　frequently　is　called　multi…modal。

Modeling
Learning　through　the　imitation　or　observation　of　others。

Mortality
Subject　drop…out　in　a　research　study。　Mortality　bees　a　problem　when　a　disproportionate　drop　out　rate　occurs　between　two　or　more　groups　（Example：　30％　of　males　drop　out　of　group　one　while　only　2％　of　males　drop　out　in　group　two；　resulting　in　uneven　groups）。

Motivation　
The　process　that　energizes　and/or　maintains　a　behavior。　

Motive
Internal　states　that　provide　direction　for　one's　behaviors。

Multiple　Correlation
A　correlational　technique　used　when　there　is　one　X　and　two　or　more　Y。　（Example：　the　correlation　between　age　and　（math　and　English　ability）。

N

N
Symbol　used　for　the　number　of　subjects　or　data　in　a　distribution。　A　study　with　10　subjects　would　have　an　N　equal　to　10。

Naturalistic　Observation　
A　research　method　where　the　subject（s）　is（are）　observed　without　interruption　under　normal　or　natural　circumstances。　

NCE　Score
A　standard　score　that　sets　the　mean　to　fifty　and　standard　deviation　to　21。06；　allowing　the　99th　percentile　to　have　a　score　of　99　and　the　first　percentile　a　score　of　1。

Negative　Correlation　
a　correlation　where　one　two　variables　tend　to　move　in　the　opposite　direction　（example：　the　number　of　pages　printed　and　the　amount　of　ink　left　in　your　printer　are　negatively　correlated。　The　more　pages　printed；　the　less　ink　you　have　left。）

Negative　Skew
A　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　that　has　extreme　scores　below　the　mean　that　are　atypical　o