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第75章

beacon lights of history-iii-2-第75章

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to observe faithfully; and all other penances which have been or

shall be laid upon me。〃



It would appear from this confession that he did not declare his

doctrines false; only that they were in opposition to the

Scriptures; and it is also said that as he arose from his knees he

whispered to a friend; 〃It does move; nevertheless。〃  As some

excuse for him; he acted with the certainty that he would be

tortured if he did not recant; and at the worst he had only

affirmed that his scientific theory was in opposition to the

Scriptures。  He had not denied his master; like Peter; he had not

recanted the faith like Cranmer; he had simply yielded for fear of

bodily torments; and therefore was not sincere in the abjuration

which he made to save his life。  Nevertheless; his recantation was

a fall; and in the eyes of the scientific world perhaps greater

than that of Bacon。  Galileo was false to philosophy and himself。

Why did he suffer himself to be conquered by priests he despised?

Why did so bold and witty and proud a man betray his cause?  Why

did he not accept the penalty of intellectual freedom; and die; if

die he must?  What was life to him; diseased; infirm; and old?

What had he more to gain?  Was it not a good time to die and

consummate his protests?  Only one hundred and fifty years before;

one of his countrymen had accepted torture and death rather than

recant his religions opinions。  Why could not Galileo have been as

great in martyrdom as Savonarola?  He was a renowned philosopher

and brilliant as a man of genius;but he was a man of the world;

he loved ease and length of days。  He could ridicule and deride

opponents; he could not suffer pain。  He had a great intellect; but

not a great soul。  There were flaws in his morality; he was

anything but a saint or hero。  He was great in mind; and yet he was

far from being great in character。  We pity him; while we exalt

him。  Nor is the world harsh to him; it forgives him for his

services。  The worst that can be said; is that he was not willing

to suffer and die for his opinions: and how many philosophers are

there who are willing to be martyrs?



Nevertheless; in the eyes of philosophers he has disgraced himself。

Let him then return to Florence; to his own Arceti。  He is a

silenced man。  But he is silenced; not because he believed with

Copernicus; but because he ridiculed his enemies and confronted the

Church; and in the eyes of blinded partisans had attacked divine

authority。  Why did Copernicus escape persecution?  The Church must

have known that there was something in his discoveries; and in

those of Galileo; worthy of attention。  About this time Pascal

wrote: 〃It is vain that you have procured the condemnation of

Galileo。  That will never prove the earth to be at rest。  If

unerring observation proves that it turns round; not all mankind

together can keep it from turning; or themselves from turning with

it。〃



But let that persecution pass。  It is no worse than other

persecutions; either in Catholic or Protestant ranks。  It was no

worse than burning witches。  Not only is intolerance in human

nature; but there is a repugnance among the learned to receive new

opinions when these interfere with their ascendancy。  The

opposition to Galileo's discoveries was no greater than that of the

Protestant Church; half a century ago; to some of the inductions of

geology。  How bitter the hatred; even in our times; to such men as

Huxley and Darwin!  True; they have not proved their theories as

Galileo did; but they gave as great a shock as he to the minds of

theologians。  All science is progressive; yet there are thousands

who oppose its progress。  And if learning and science should

establish a different meaning to certain texts from which

theological deductions are drawn; and these premises be undermined;

there would be the same bitterness among the defenders of the

present system of dogmatic theology。  Yet theology will live; and

never lose its dignity and importance; only; some of its present

assumptions may be discarded。  God will never be dethroned from the

world he governs; but some of his ways may appear to be different

from what was once supposed。  And all science is not only

progressive; but it appears to be bold and scornful and proud;at

least its advocates are and ever have been contemptuous of all

other departments of knowledge but its own。  So narrow and limited

is the human mind in the midst of its triumphs。  So full of

prejudices are even the learned and the great。



Let us turn then to give another glance at the fallen philosopher

in his final retreat at Arceti。  He lives under restrictions。  But

they allow him leisure and choice wines; of which he is fond; and

gardens and friends; and many come to do him reverence。  He amuses

his old age with the studies of his youth and manhood; and writes

dialogues on Motion; and even discovers the phenomena of the moon's

libration; and by means of the pendulum he gives additional

importance to astronomical science。  But he is not allowed to leave

his retirement; not even to visit his friends in Florence。  The

wrath of the Inquisition still pursues him; even in his villa at

Arceti in the suburbs of Florence。  Then renewed afflictions come。

He loses his daughter; who was devoted to him; and her death nearly

plunges him into despair。  The bulwarks of his heart break down; a

flood of grief overwhelms his stricken soul。  His appetite leaves

him; his health forsakes him; his infirmities increase upon him。

His right eye loses its power;that eye that had seen more of the

heavens than the eyes of all who had gone before him。  He becomes

blind and deaf; and cannot sleep; afflicted with rheumatic pains

and maladies forlorn。  No more for him is rest; or peace; or bliss;

still less the glories of his brighter days;the sight of

glittering fields; the gems of heaven; without which





    〃Neither breath of Morn; when she ascends

     With charm of earliest birds; nor rising sun

     On this delightful land; nor herb; fruit; flower

     Glistering with dew; nor fragrance after showers;

     Nor grateful evening mild; 。 。 。 is sweet。〃





No more shall he gaze on features that he loves; or stars; or

trees; or hills。  No more to him



                               〃Returns

     Day; or the sweet approach of even or morn;

     Or sight of vernal bloom; or summer's rose;

     Or flocks; or herds; or human face divine;

     But clouds; instead; and ever…during dark

     Surround〃 'him'。





It was in those dreary desolate days at Arceti;





                           〃Unseen

     In manly beauty Milton stood before him;

     Gazing in reverent awe;Milton; his guest;

     Just then come forth; all life and enterprise;

     While he in his old age; 。 。 。

              。 。 。 exploring with his staff;

     His eyes upturned as to the golden sun;

     His eyeballs idly rolling。〃





This may have been the punishment of his recantation;not

Inquisitorial torture; but the consciousness that he had lost his

honor。  Poor Galileo! thine illustrious visitor; when his

affliction came; could cast his sightless eyeballs inward; and see

and tell 〃things attempted yet in prose or rhyme;〃not





    〃Rocks; caves; lakes; bogs; fens; and shades of death;

        。     。     。     。     。     。     。     。

     Where all life dies; death lives; and Nature breeds

        。     。     。     。     。     。     。     。

     Gorgons; and Hydras; and Chimeras dire;〃





but of 〃eternal Providence;〃 and 〃Eden with surpassing glory

crowned;〃 and 〃our first parents;〃 and of 〃salvation;〃 〃goodness

infinite;〃 of 〃wisdom;〃 which when known we need no higher though

all the stars we know by name;





    〃All secrets of the deep; all Nature's works;

     Or works of God in heaven; or air; or sea。〃





And yet; thou stricken observer of the heavenly bodies! hadst thou

but

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