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第65章

beacon lights of history-iii-2-第65章

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the King of Egypt; and Jacob robbing his brother of his birthright;

and David murdering his bravest soldier to screen himself from

adultery; and Solomon selling himself to false idols to please the

wicked women who ensnared him; and Peter denying his Master; and

Marcus Aurelius persecuting the Christians; and Constantine putting

to death his own son; and Theodosius slaughtering the citizens of

Thessalonica; and Isabella establishing the Inquisition; and Sir

Mathew Hale burning witches; and Cromwell stealing a sceptre; and

Calvin murdering Servetus; and Queen Elizabeth lying and cheating

and swearing in the midst of her patriotic labors for her country

and civilization。  Even the sun passes through eclipses。  Have the

spots upon the career of Bacon hidden the brightness of his general

beneficence?  Is he the meanest of men because he had great faults?

When we speak of mean men; it is those whose general character is

contemptible。



Now; see Bacon pursuing his honorable career amid rebuffs and

enmities and jealousies; toiling in Herculean tasks without

complaint; and waiting his time; always accessible; affable;

gentle; with no vulgar pride; if he aped vulgar ostentation; calm;

beneficent; studious; without envy or bitterness; interesting in

his home; courted as a friend; admired as a philosopher; generous

to the poor; kind to the servants who cheated him; with an

unsubdued love of Nature as well as of books; not negligent of

religious duties; a believer in God and immortality; and though

broken in spirit; like a bruised reed; yet soaring beyond all his

misfortunes to study the highest problems; and bequeathing his

knowledge for the benefit of future ages!  Can such a man be

stigmatized as 〃the meanest of mankind〃?  Is it candid and just for

a great historian to indorse such a verdict; to gloss over Bacon's

virtues; and make like an advocate at the bar; or an ancient

sophist; a special plea to magnify his defects; and stain his noble

name with an infamy as deep as would be inflicted upon an enemy of

the human race?  And all for what?just to make a rhetorical

point; and show the writer's brilliancy and genius in making a

telling contrast between the man and the philosopher。  A man who

habitually dwelt in the highest regions of thought during his whole

life; absorbed in lofty contemplations; all from love of truth

itself and to benefit the world; could not have had a mean or

sordid soul。  〃As a man thinketh; so is he。〃  We admit that he was

a man of the world; politic; self…seeking; extravagant; careless

about his debts and how he raised money to pay them; but we deny

that he was a bad judge on the whole; or was unpatriotic; or

immoral in his private life; or mean in his ordinary dealings; or

more cruel and harsh in his judicial transactions than most of the

public functionaries of his rough and venal age。  We admit it is

difficult to controvert the charges which Macaulay arrays against

him; for so accurate and painstaking an historian is not likely to

be wrong in his facts; but we believe that they are uncandidly

stated; and so ingeniously and sophistically put as to give on the

whole a wrong impression of the man;making him out worse than he

was; considering his age and circumstances。  Bacon's character;

like that of most great men; has two sides; and while we are

compelled painfully to admit that he had many faults; we shrink

from classing him among bad men; as is implied in Pope's

characterization of him as 〃the meanest of mankind。〃





We now take leave of the man; to consider his legacy to the world。

And here again we are compelled to take issue with Macaulay; not in

regard to the great fact that Bacon's inquiries tended to a new

revelation of Nature; and by means of the method called induction;

by which he sought to establish fixed principles of science that

could not be controverted; but in reference to the ends for which

he labored。  〃The aim of Bacon;〃 says Macaulay; 〃was utility;

fruit; the multiplication of human enjoyments; 。 。 。 the mitigation

of human sufferings; 。 。 。 the prolongation of life by new

inventions;〃dotare vitam humanum novis inventis et copiis; 〃the

conquest of Nature;〃dominion over the beasts of the field and the

fowls of the air; the application of science to the subjection of

the outward world; progress in useful arts;in those arts which

enable us to become strong; comfortable; and rich in houses; shops;

fabrics; tools; merchandise; new vegetables; fruits; and animals:

in short; a philosophy which will 〃not raise us above vulgar wants;

but will supply those wants。〃  〃And as an acre in Middlesex is

worth more than a principality in Utopia; so the smallest practical

good is better than any magnificent effort to realize an

impossibility;〃 and 〃hence the first shoemaker has rendered more

substantial service to mankind than all the sages of Greece。  All

they could do was to fill the world with long beards and long

words; whereas Bacon's philosophy has lengthened life; mitigated

pain; extinguished disease; built bridges; guided the thunderbolts;

lightened the night with the splendor of the day; accelerated

motion; annihilated distance; facilitated intercourse; enabled men

to descend to the depths of the earth; to traverse the land in cars

which whirl without horses; and the ocean in ships which sail

against the wind。〃  In other words; it was his aim to stimulate

mankind; not to seek unattainable truth; but useful truth; that is;

the science which produces railroads; canals; cultivated farms;

ships; rich returns for labor; silver and gold from the mines;all

that purchase the joys of material life and fit us for dominion

over the world in which we live。  Hence anything which will curtail

our sufferings and add to our pleasures or our powers; should be

sought as the highest good。  Geometry is desirable; not as a noble

intellectual exercise; but as a handmaid to natural philosophy。

Astronomy is not to assist the mind to lofty contemplation; but to

enable mariners to verify degrees of latitude and regulate clocks。

A college is not designed to train and discipline the mind; but to

utilize science; and become a school of technology。  Greek and

Latin exercises are comparatively worthless; and even mathematics;

unless they can be converted into practical use。  Philosophy; as

ordinarily understood;that is; metaphysics;is most idle of all;

since it does not pertain to mundane wants。  Hence the old Grecian

philosopher labored in vain; and still more profitless were the

disquisitions of the scholastics of the Middle Ages; since they

were chiefly used to prop up unintelligible creeds。  Theology is

not of much account; since it pertains to mysteries we cannot

solve。  It is not with heaven or hell; or abstract inquiries; or

divine certitudes; that we have to do; but the things of earth;

things that advance our material and outward condition。  To be rich

and comfortable is the end of life;not meditations on abstract

and eternal truth; such as elevate the soul or prepare it for a

future and endless life。  The certitudes of faith; of love; of

friendship; are of small value when compared with the blessings of

outward prosperity。  Utilitarianism is the true philosophy; for

this confines us to the world where we are born to labor; and

enables us to make acquisitions which promote our comfort and ease。

The chemist and the manufacturer are our greatest benefactors; for

they make for us oils and gases and paints;things we must have。

The philosophy of Bacon is an immense improvement on all previous

systems; since it heralds the jubilee of trades; the millennium of

merchants; the schools of thrift; the apostles of physical

progress; the pioneers of enterprise;the Franklins and

Stephensons and Tyndalls and Morses of our glorious era。  Its

watchword is progress。  All hail; then; to the electric telegraph

and telephones and Thames tunnels and Crystal Palaces and Niagara

brid

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