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genius itself; which almost every human being possesses; in some

form or other; to a greater or less degree;one of the kindest

gifts of Deity to man。



The great artist; kindled by his visions of imperishable loveliness

in the person of his departed Beatrice; now resolves to dedicate to

her honor his great life…labor;even his immortal poem; which

should be a transcript of his thoughts; a mirror of his life; a

record of his sorrows; a painting of his experiences; a description

of what he saw; a digest of his great meditations; a thesaurus of

the treasures of the Mediaeval age; an exposition of its great and

leading ideas in philosophy and in religion。  Every great man

wishes to leave behind some monument of his labors; to bless or

instruct mankind。  Any man without some form of this noble ambition

lives in vain; even if his monument be no more than a cultivated

farm rescued from wildness and sterility。



Now Dante's monument is 〃the marvellous; mystic; unfathomable

song;〃 in which he sang his sorrows and his joys; revealed his

visions; and recorded the passions and sentiments of his age。  It

never can be popular; because it is so difficult to be understood;

and because its leading ideas are not in harmony with those which

are now received。  I doubt if anybody can delight in that poem;

unless he sympathizes with the ideas of the Middle Ages; or; at

least; unless he is familiar with them; and with the historical

characters who lived in those turbulent and gloomy times。  There is

more talk and pretension about that book than any one that I know

of。  Like the 〃Faerie Queene〃 or the 〃Paradise Lost;〃 it is a study

rather than a recreation; one of those productions which an

educated person ought to read in the course of his life; and which

if he can read in the original; and has read; is apt to boast of;

like climbing a lofty mountain; enjoyable to some with youth and

vigor and enthusiasm and love of nature; but a very toilsome thing

to most people; especially if old and short…winded and gouty。



In the year 1309 the first part of the 〃Divine Comedy;〃 the

Inferno; was finished by Dante; at the age of forty…four; in the

tenth year of his pilgrimage; under the roof of the Marquis of

Lunigiana; and it was intrusted to the care of Fra Ilario; a monk

living on the beautiful Ligurian shores。  As everybody knows; it is

a vivid; graphic picture of what was supposed to be the infernal

regions; where great sinners are punished with various torments

forever and ever。  It is interesting for the excellence of the

poetry; the brilliant analyses of characters; the allusion to

historical events; the bitter invectives; the intense sarcasms; and

the serious; earnest spirit which underlies the descriptions。  But

there is very little of gentleness or compassion; in view of the

protracted torments of the sufferers。  We stand aghast in view of

the miseries and monsters; furies and gorgons; snakes and fires;

demons; filth; lakes of pitch; pools of blood; plains of scorching

sands; circles; and chimeras dire;a physical hell of utter and

unspeakable dreariness and despair; awfully and powerfully

described; but still repulsive。  In each of the dismal abodes; far

down in the bowels of the earth; which Dante is supposed to have

visited with Virgil as a guide; in which some infernal deity

presides; all sorts of physical tortures are accumulated; inflicted

on traitors; murderers; robbers;men who have committed great

crimes; unpunished in their lifetime; such men as Cain; Judas;

Ugolino;men consigned to an infamous immortality。  On the great

culprits of history; and of Italy especially; Dante virtually sits

in judgment; and he consigns them equally to various torments which

we shudder to think of。



And here let me say; as a general criticism; that in the Inferno

are brought out in tremendous language the opinions of the Middle

Ages in reference to retribution。  Dante does not rise above them;

with all his genius; he is not emancipated from them。  It is the

rarest thing in this world for any man; however profound his

intellect and bold his spirit; to be emancipated from the great and

leading ideas of his age。  Abraham was; and Moses; and the founder

of Buddhism; and Socrates; and Mohammed; and Luther; but they were

reformers; more or less divinely commissioned; with supernatural

aid in many instances to give them wisdom。  But Homer was not; nor

Euripides; nor the great scholastics of the Middle Ages; nor even

popes。  The venerated doctors and philosophers; prelates; scholars;

nobles; kings; to say nothing of the people; thought as Dante did

in reference to future punishment;that it was physical; awful;

accumulative; infinite; endless; the wrath of avenging deity

displayed in pains and agonies inflicted on the body; like the

tortures of inquisitors; thus appealing to the fears of men; on

which chiefly the power of the clergy was based。  Nor in these

views of endless physical sufferings; as if the body itself were

eternal and indestructible; is there the refinement of Milton; who

placed misery in the upbraidings of conscience; in mental torture

rather than bodily; in the everlasting pride and rebellion of the

followers of Satan and his fallen angels。  It was these awful views

of protracted and eternal physical torments;not the hell of the

Bible; but the hell of ingenious human invention;which gives to

the Middle Ages a sorrowful and repulsive light; thus nursing

superstition and working on the fears of mankind; rather than on

the conscience and the sense of moral accountability。  But how

could Dante have represented the ideas of the Middle Ages; if he

had not painted his Inferno in the darkest colors that the

imagination could conceive; unless he had soared beyond what is

revealed into the unfathomable and mysterious and unrevealed

regions of the second death?



After various wanderings in France and Italy; and after an interval

of three years; Dante produced the second part of the poem;the

Purgatorio;in which he assumes another style; and sings another

song。  In this we are introduced to an illustrious company;many

beloved friends; poets; musicians; philosophers; generals; even

prelates and popes; whose deeds and thoughts were on the whole

beneficent。  These illustrious men temporarily expiate the sins of

anger; of envy; avarice; gluttony; pride; ambition;the great

defects which were blended with virtues; and which are to be purged

out of them by suffering。  Their torments are milder; and amid them

they discourse on the principles of moral wisdom。  They utter noble

sentiments; they discuss great themes; they show how vain is wealth

and power and fame; they preach sermons。  In these discourses;

Dante shows his familiarity with history and philosophy; he unfolds

that moral wisdom for which he is most distinguished。  His scorn is

now tempered with tenderness。  He shows a true humanity; he is more

forgiving; more generous; more sympathetic。  He is more lofty; if

he is not more intense。  He sees the end of expiations: the

sufferers will be restored to peace and joy。



But even in his purgatory; as in his hell; he paints the ideas of

his age。  He makes no new or extraordinary revelations。  He arrives

at no new philosophy。  He is the Christian poet; after the pattern

of his age。



It is plain that the Middle Ages must have accepted or invented

some relief from punishment; or every Christian country would have

been overwhelmed with the blackness of despair。  Men could not

live; if they felt they could not expiate their sins。  Who could

smile or joke or eat or sleep or have any pleasure; if he thought

seriously there would be no cessation or release from endless

pains?  Who could discharge his ordinary duties or perform his

daily occupations; if his father or his mother or his sister or his

brother or his wife or his son or his daughter might not be finally

forgiven for the frailties of an imperfect na

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