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第56章

beacon lights of history-iii-2-第56章

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tranquillized。〃  The one stormed the great citadel of error; the

other furnished the weapons for holding it after it was taken。  The

former was more popular; the latter appealed to a higher

intelligence。  The Saxon reformer was more eloquent; the Swiss

reformer was more dialectical。  The one advocated unity; the other

theocracy。  Luther was broader; Calvin engrafted on his reforms the

Old Testament observances。  The watchword of the one was Grace;

that of the other was Predestination。  Luther cut knots; Calvin

made systems。  Luther destroyed; Calvin legislated。  His great

principle of government was aristocratic。  He wished to see both

Church and State governed by a select few of able men。  In all his

writings we see no trace of popular sovereignty。  He interested

himself; like Savonarola; in political institutions; but would

separate the functions of the magistracy from those of the clergy;

and he clung to the notion of a theocratic government; like Jewish

legislators and the popes themselves。  The idea of a theocracy was

the basis of Calvin's system of legislation; as it was that of Leo

I。  He desired that the temporal power should rule; in the name of

God;should be the arm by which spiritual principles should be

enforced。  He did not object to the spiritual domination of the

popes; so far as it was in accordance with the word of God。  He

wished to realize the grand idea which the Middle Ages sought for;

but sought for in vain;that the Church must always remain the

mother of spiritual principles; but he objected to the exercise of

temporal power by churchmen; as well as to the interference of the

temporal power in matters purely spiritual;virtually the doctrine

of Anselm and Becket。  But; unlike Becket; Calvin would not screen

clergymen accused of crime from temporal tribunals; he rather

sought the humiliation of the clergy in temporal matters。  He also

would destroy inequalities of rank; and do away with church

dignitaries; like bishops and deans and archdeacons; and he

instituted twice as many laymen as clergymen in ecclesiastical

assemblies。  But he gave to the clergy the exclusive right to

excommunicate; and to regulate the administration of the

sacraments。  He was himself a high…churchman in his spirit; both in

reference to the divine institution of the presbyterian form of

government and the ascendancy of the Church as a great power in the

world。



Calvin exercised a great influence on the civil polity of Geneva;

although it was established before he came to the city。  He

undertook to frame for the State a code of morals。  He limited the

freedom of the citizens; and turned the old democratic constitution

into an oligarchy。  The general assembly; which met twice a year;

nominated syndics; or judges; but nothing was proposed in the

general assembly which had not previously been considered in the

council of the Two Hundred; and nothing in the latter which had not

been brought before the council of Sixty; nor even in this; which

had not been approved by the lesser council。  The four syndics;

with their council of sixteen; had power of life and death; and the

whole public business of the state was in their hands。  The supreme

legislation was in the council of Two Hundred; which was much

influenced by ecclesiastics; or the consistory。  If a man not

forbidden to take the Sacrament neglected to receive it; he was

condemned to banishment for a year。  One was condemned to do public

penance if he omitted a Sunday service。  The military garrison was

summoned to prayers twice a day。  The judges punished severely all

profanity; as blasphemy。  A mason was put in prison three days for

simply saying; when falling from a building; that it must be the

work of the Devil。  A young girl who insulted her mother was

publicly punished and kept on bread…and…water; and a peasant…boy

who called his mother a devil was publicly whipped。  A child who

struck his mother was beheaded; adultery was punished with death; a

woman was publicly scourged because she sang common songs to a

psalm…tune; and another because she dressed herself; in a frolic;

in man's attire。  Brides were not allowed to wear wreaths in their

bonnets; gamblers were set in the pillory; and card…playing and

nine…pins were denounced as gambling。  Heresy was punished with

death; and in sixty years one hundred and fifty people were burned

to death; in Geneva; for witchcraft。  Legislation extended to dress

and private habits; many innocent amusements were altogether

suppressed; also holidays and theatrical exhibitions。

Excommunication was as much dreaded as in the Mediaeval church。



In regard to the worship of God; Calvin was opposed to splendid

churches; and to all ritualism。  He retained psalm…singing; but

abolished the organ; he removed the altar; the crucifix; and

muniments from the churches; and closed them during the week…days;

unless the minister was present。  He despised what we call art;

especially artistic music; nor did he have much respect for

artificial sermons; or the art of speaking。  He himself preached ex

tempore; nor is there evidence that he ever wrote a sermon。



Respecting the Eucharist; Calvin took a middle course between

Luther and Zwingli;believing neither in the actual presence of

Christ in the consecrated bread; nor regarding it as a mere symbol;

but a means by which divine grace is imparted; a mirror in which we

may contemplate Christ。  Baptism he considered only as an

indication of divine grace; and not essential to salvation; thereby

differing from Luther and the Catholic church。  Yet he was as

strenuous in maintaining these sacraments as a Catholic priest; and

made excommunication as fearful a weapon as it was in the Middle

Ages。  For admission to the Lord's Supper; and thus to the

membership of the visible Church; it would seem that his

requirements were not rigid; but rather very simple; like those of

the primitive Christians;namely; faith in God and faith in

Christ; without any subtile and metaphysical creeds; such as one

might expect from his inexorable theological deductions。  But he

would resort to excommunication as a discipline; as the only weapon

which the Church could use to bind its members together; and which

had been used from the beginning; yet he would temper severity with

mildness and charity; since only God is able to judge the heart。

And herein he departed from the customs of the Middle Ages; and did

not regard the excommunicated as lost; but to be prayed for by the

faithful。  No one; he maintained; should be judged as deserving

eternal death who was still in the hands of God。  He made a broad

distinction between excommunication and anathema; the latter; he

maintained; should never; or very rarely; be pronounced; since it

takes away the hope of forgiveness; and consigns one to the wrath

of God and the power of Satan。  He regarded the Sacrament of the

Lord's Supper as a means to help manifold infirmities;as a time

of meditation for beholding Christ the crucified; as confirming

reconciliation with God; as a visible sign of the body of Christ;

recognizing his actual but spiritual presence。  Luther recognized

the bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist; while he rejected

transubstantiation and the idea of worshipping the consecrated

wafer as the real God。  This difference in the opinion of the

reformers as to the Eucharist led to bitter quarrels and

controversies; and divided the Protestants。  Calvin pursued a

middle and moderate course; and did much to harmonize the

Protestant churches。  He always sought peace and moderation; and

his tranquillizing measures were not pleasant to the Catholics; who

wished to see divisions among their enemies。



Calvin had a great dislike of ceremonies; festivals; holidays; and

the like。  For images he had an aversion amounting to horror。

Christmas was the only festival he retained。  He was even

slanderously accused of wishing to abolish the Sabb

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