beacon lights of history-iii-2-第55章
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that Calvin was obliged to publish his Genevan Catechism in Latin。
He also offended many by his outspoken rebuke of sin; for he aimed
at a complete reformation of morals; like Latimer in London and
like Savonarola at Florence。 He sought to reprove amusements which
were demoralizing; or thought to be so in their influence。 The
passions of the people were excited; and the city was torn by
parties; and such was the reluctance to submit to the discipline of
the ministers that they refused to administer the sacraments。 This
created such a ferment that the syndics expelled Calvin and Farel
from the city。 They went at first to Berne; but the Bernese would
not receive them。 They then retired to Basle; wearied; wet; and
hungry; and from Basle they went to Strasburg。 It was in this city
that Calvin dwelt three years; spending his time in lecturing on
divinity; in making contributions to exegetical theology; in
perfecting his 〃Institutes;〃 forming a close alliance with
Melancthon and other leading reformers。 So pre…occupied was he
with his labors as a commentator of the Scriptures; that he even
contemplated withdrawing from the public service of religion。
Calvin was a scholar as well as theologian; and quiet labors in his
library were probably more congenial to his tastes than active
parochial duties。 His highest life was amid his books; in serene
repose and lofty contemplation。 At this time he had an extensive
correspondence; his advice being much sought for its wisdom and
moderation。 His judgment was almost unerring; since he was never
led away by extravagances or enthusiasm: a cold; calm man even
among his friends and admirers。 He had no passions; he was all
intellect。 It would seem that in his exile he gave lectures on
divinity; being invited by the Council of Strasburg; and also
interested himself in reference to the Sacrament of the Lord's
Supper; which he would withhold from the unworthy。 He lived
quietly in his retreat; and was much respected by the people of the
city where he dwelt。
In 1539 a convention was held at Frankfort; at which Calvin was
present as the envoy of the city of Strasburg。 Here; for the first
time; he met Melancthon; but there was no close intimacy between
them until these two great men met in the following year at a Diet
which was summoned at Worms by the Emperor Charles V。; in order to
produce concord between the Catholics and Protestants; and which
was afterwards removed to Ratisbon。 Melancthon represented one
party; and Doctor Eck the other。 Melancthon and Bucer were
inclined to peace; and Cardinal Contarini freely offered his hand;
agreeing with the reformers to adopt the idea of Justification as
his starting point; allowing that it proceeds from faith; without
any merit of our own; but; like Luther and Calvin; he opposed any
attempt at union which might compromise the truth; and had no faith
in the movement。 Neither party; as it was to be expected; was
satisfied。 The main subject of the dispute was in reference to the
Eucharist。 Calvin denied the real presence of Christ in the
Sacrament; regarding it as a symbol;though one of special divine
influence。 But on this point the Catholics have ever been
uncompromising from the times of Berengar。 Nor was Luther fully
emancipated from the Catholic doctrine; modifying without
essentially changing it。 Calvin maintained that 〃This is my body〃
meant that it signified 〃my body。〃 In regard to original sin and
free…will; as represented by Augustine; there was no dispute; but
much difficulty attended the interpretation of the doctrine of
Justification。 The greatest difficulty was in reference to the
doctrine of Transubstantiation; which was rejected by the reformers
because it had not the sanction of the Scriptures; and when it was
found that this caused insuperable difficulties about the Lord's
Supper; it was thought useless to proceed to other matters; like
confession; masses for the dead; and the withholding the cup from
the laity。 There was not so great a difference between the
Catholic and Protestant theologians concerning the main body of
dogmatic divinity as is generally supposed。 The fundamental
questions pertaining to God; the Trinity; the mission and divinity
of Christ; original sin; free…will; grace; predestination; had been
formulated by Thomas Aquinas with as much severity as by Calvin。
The great subjects at issue; in a strictly theological view; were
Justification and the Eucharist。 Respecting free…will and
predestination; the Catholic theologians have never been agreed
among themselves;some siding with Augustine; like Aquinas;
Bernard; and Anselm; and some with Pelagius; like Abelard and
Lainez the Jesuit at the Council of Trent (a council assembled by
the Pope; with the concurrence of Charles V。 of Germany and Francis
I。 of France); the decrees of which; against the authority of
Augustine in this matter; seem to be now the established faith of
the Roman Catholic Church。
After the Diet of Ratisbon; Calvin returned to Geneva; at the eager
desire of the people。 The great Council summoned him to return;
every voice was raised for him。 〃Calvin; that learned and
righteous man;〃 they said; 〃it is he whom we would have as the
minister of the Lord。〃 Yet he did not willingly return; he
preferred his quiet life at Strasburg; but obeyed the voice of
conscience。 On the 13th of September; 1541; he returned to his
penitent congregation; and was received by the whole city with
every demonstration of respect; and a cloth cloak was given him as
a present; which he seemed to need。
The same year he was married to a widow; Idelette de Burie; who was
a worthy; well…read; high…minded woman; with whom he lived happily
for nine years; until her death。 She was superior to Luther's
wife; Catherine Bora; in culture and dignity; and was a helpmate
who never opposed her husband in the slightest matter; always
considering his interests。 Esteem and friendship seem to have been
the basis of this union;not passionate love; which Calvin did not
think much of。 When his wife died it seems he mourned for her with
decent grief; but did not seek a second marriage; perhaps because
he was unable to support a wife on his small stipend as she would
wish and expect。 He rather courted poverty; and refused reasonable
gratuities。 His body was attenuated by fasting and study; like
that of Saint Bernard。 When he was completing his 〃Institutes;〃 he
passed days without eating and nights without sleeping。 And as he
practised poverty he had a right to inculcate it。 He kept no
servant; lived in a small tenement; and was always poorly clad。 He
derived no profit from any of his books; and the only present he
ever consented to receive was a silver goblet from the Lord of
Varennes。 Luther's stipend was four hundred and fifty florins; and
he too refused a yearly gift from the booksellers of four hundred
dollars; not wishing to receive a gratuity for his writings。
Calvin's salary was only fifty dollars a year; with a house; twelve
measures of corn and two pipes of wine; for tea and coffee were
then unknown in Europe; and wine seems to have been the usual
beverage; after water。 He was pre…eminently a conscientious man;
not allowing his feelings to sway his judgment。 He was sedate and
dignified and cheerful; though Bossuet accuses him of a surly
disposition;un genre triste; un esprit chagrin。 Though formal
and stern; women never shrank from familiar conversation with him
on the subject of religion。 Though intolerant of error; he
cherished no personal animosities。 Calvin was more refined than
Luther; and never like him gave vent to coarse expressions。 He had
not Luther's physical strength; nor his versatility of genius; nor
as a reformer was he so violent。 〃Luther aroused; Calvin
tranquillized。〃 The one stormed the great citadel of error; the
other furnished the weapons for holding it after it was