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motto which was emblazoned on their standard when they went forth

as Christian warriors to overcome the heresies of Christendom and

the superstitions of idolaters。  〃The Jesuit missionary;〃 says

Stephen; 〃with his breviary under his arm; his beads at his girdle;

and his crucifix in his hands; went forth without fear; to

encounter the most dreaded dangers。  Martyrdom was nothing to him;

he knew that the altar which might stream with his blood; and the

mound which might be raised over his remains; would become a

cherished object of his fame and an expressive emblem of the power

of his religion。〃  〃If I die;〃 said Xavier; when about to visit the

cannibal Island of Del Moro; 〃who knows but what all may receive

the Gospel; since it is most certain it has ever fructified more

abundantly in the field of Paganism by the blood of martyrs than by

the labors of missionaries;〃a sublime truth; revealed to him in

his whole course of protracted martyrdom and active philanthropy;

especially in those last hours when; on the Island of Sanshan; he

expired; exclaiming; as his fading eyes rested on the crucifix; In

te Domine speravi; non confundar in eternum。  〃In perils; in

fastings; in fatigues; was the life of this remarkable man passed;

in order to convert the heathen world; and in ten years he had

traversed a tract of more than twice the circumference of the

earth; preaching; disputing; and baptizing; until seventy thousand

converts; it is said; were the fruits of his mission。〃*  〃 My

companion;〃 said the fearless Marquette; when exploring the

prairies of the Western wilderness; 〃is an envoy of France to

discover new countries; and I am an ambassador of God to enlighten

them with the Gospel。〃  Lalemant; when pierced with the arrows of

the Iroquois; rejoiced that his martyrdom would induce others to

follow his example。  The missions of the early Jesuits extorted

praises from Baxter and panegyric from Liebnitz。





* I am inclined to think that this statement is exaggerated; or; if

true; that conversion was merely nominal。  In any event; his labors

were vast。





And not less remarkable than these missionaries were those who

labored in other spheres。  Loyola himself; though visionary and

monastic; had no higher wish than to infuse piety into the Catholic

Church; and to strengthen the hands of him whom he regarded as

God's vicegerent。  Somehow or other he succeeded in securing the

absolute veneration of his companions; so much so that the sainted

Xavier always wrote to him on his knees。  His 〃Spiritual Exercises〃

has ever remained the great text…book of the Jesuits;a compend of

fasts and penances; of visions and of ecstasies; rivalling Saint

Theresa herself in the rhapsodies of an exalted piety; showing the

chivalric and romantic ardor of a Spanish nobleman directed into

the channel of devotion to an invisible Lord。  See this wounded

soldier at the siege of Pampeluna; going through all the

experiences of a Syriac monk in his Manresan cave; and then turning

his steps to Paris to acquire a university education; associating

only with the pious and the learned; drawing to him such gifted men

as Faber and Xavier; Salmeron and Lainez; Borgia and Bobadilla; and

inspiring them with his ideas and his fervor; living afterwards; at

Venice; with Caraffa (the future Paul IV。) in the closest intimacy;

preaching at Vicenza; and forming a new monastic code; as full of

genius and originality as it was of practical wisdom; which became

the foundation of a system of government never surpassed in the

power of its mechanism to bind the minds and wills of men。  Loyola

was a most extraordinary man in the practical turn he gave to

religious rhapsodies; creating a legislation for his Society which

made it the most potent religious organization in the world。  All

his companions were remarkable likewise for different traits and

excellences; which yet were made to combine in sustaining the unity

of this moral mechanism。  Lainez had even a more comprehensive mind

than Loyola。  It was he who matured the Jesuit Constitution; and

afterwards controlled the Council of Trent;a convocation which

settled the creed of the Catholic Church; especially in regard to

justification; and which extolled the merits of Christ; but

attributed justification to good works in a different sense from

that understood and taught by Luther。



Aside from the personal gifts and qualities of the early Jesuits;

they would not have so marvellously succeeded had it not been for

their remarkable constitution;that which bound the members of the

Society together; and gave to it a peculiar unity and force。  The

most marked thing about it was the unbounded and unhesitating

obedience required of every member to superiors; and of these

superiors to the General of the Order;so that there was but one

will。  This law of obedience is; as every one knows; one of the

fundamental principles of all the monastic orders from the earliest

times; enforced by Benedict as well as Basil。  Still there was a

difference in the vow of obedience。  The head of a monastery in the

Middle Ages was almost supreme。  The Lord Abbot was obedient only

to the Pope; and he sought the interests of his monastery rather

than those of the Pope。  But Loyola exacted obedience to the

General of the Order so absolutely that a Jesuit became a slave。

This may seem a harsh epithet; there is nothing gained by using

offensive words; but Protestant writers have almost universally

made these charges。  From their interpretation of the constitutions

of Loyola and Lainez and Aquaviva; a member of the Society had no

will of his own; he did not belong to himself; he belonged to his

General;as in the time of Abraham a child belonged to his father

and a wife to her husband; nay; even still more completely。  He

could not write or receive a letter that was not read by his

Superior。  When he entered the order; he was obliged to give away

his property; but could not give it to his relatives。*  When he

made confession; he was obliged to tell his most intimate and

sacred secrets。  He could not aspire to any higher rank than that

he held; he had no right to be ambitious; or seek his own

individual interests; he was merged body and soul into the Society;

he was only a pin in the machinery; he was bound to obey even his

own servant; if required by his Superior; he was less than a

private soldier in an army; he was a piece of wax to be moulded as

the Superior directed;and the Superior; in his turn; was a piece

of wax in the hands of the Provincial; and he again in the hands of

the General。  〃There were many gradations in rank; but every rank

was a gradation in slavery。〃  The Jesuit is accused of having no

individual conscience。  He was bound to do what he was told; right

or wrong; nothing was right and nothing was wrong except as the

Society pronounced。  The General stood in the place of God。  That

man was the happiest who was most mechanical。  Every novice had a

monitor; and every monitor was a spy。**  So strict was the rule of

Loyola; that he kept Francis Borgia; Duke of Gandia; three years

out of the Society; because he refused to renounce all intercourse

with his family。***





* Ranke。



** Steinmetz; i。 p。 252。



*** Nicolini; p。 35。





The Jesuit was obliged to make all natural ties subordinate to the

will of the General。  And this General was a king more absolute

than any worldly monarch; because he reigned over the minds of his

subjects。  His kingdom was an imperium in imperio; he was chosen

for life and was responsible to no one; although he ruled for the

benefit of the Catholic Church。  In one sense a General of the

Jesuits resembled the prime minister of an absolute monarch;say

such a man as Richelieu; with unfettered power in the cause of

absolutism; and he ruled like Richelieu; through his spies; making

his subordinates tools and instruments。  The General appointed the

presiden

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