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第44章

beacon lights of history-iii-2-第44章

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decided for the King; and a great injustice and heartless cruelty

was done to a worthy and loyal woman; and a great insult offered to

the Church and to the Emperor Charles of Germany; who was a nephew

of the Spanish Princess and English Queen。  This scandal resulted

in a separation from Rome; as was foreseen both by Cromwell and

Cranmer; and the latter became Archbishop of Canterbury; a prelate

whose power and dignity were greater then than at the present day;

exalted as the post is even now;the highest in dignity and rank

to which a subject can aspire;higher even than the Lord High

Chancellorship; both of which however; pale before the position of

a Prime Minister so far as power is concerned。



The separation from Rome; the suppression of the monasteries; and

the curtailment of the powers of the spiritual courts were the only

reforms of note during the reign of Henry VIII。; unless we name

also the new translation of the Bible; authorized through Cranmer's

influence; and the teaching of the creed; the commandments; and the

Lord's prayer in English。  The King died in 1547。  Cranmer was now

fifty…seven; and was left to prosecute reforms in his own way as

president of the council of regency; Edward VI。 being but nine

years old;〃a learned boy;〃 as Macaulay calls him; but still a boy

in the hands of the great noblemen who composed the regency; and

who belonged to the progressive school。



I do not think the career of Cranmer during the life of Henry is

sufficiently appreciated。  He must have shown at least

extraordinary tact and wisdom;with his reforming tendencies and

enlightened views;not to come in conflict with his sovereign as

Becket did with Henry II。  He had to deal with the most capricious

and jealous of tyrants; cruel and unscrupulous when crossed; a man

who rarely retained a friendship or remembered a service; who never

forgave an injury or forgot an affront; a glutton and a sensualist;

although prodigal with his gifts; social in his temper; enlightened

in his government; and with very respectable abilities and very

considerable theological knowledge。  This hard and exacting master

Cranmer had to serve; without exciting his suspicions or coming in

conflict with him; so that he seemed politic and vacillating; for

which he would not be excused were it not for his subsequent

services; and his undoubted sincerity and devotion to the

Protestant cause。  During the life of Henry we can scarcely call

Cranmer a reformer。  The most noted reformer of the day was old

Hugh Latimer; the King's chaplain; who declaimed against sin with

the zeal and fire of Savonarola; and aimed to create a religious

life among the people; from whom he sprung and whom he loved;a

rough; hearty; honest; conscientious man; with deep convictions and

lofty soul。



In the reforms thus far carried on we perceive that; though

popular; they emanated from princes and not from the people。  The

people had no hand in the changes made; as at Geneva; only the

ministers of kings and great public functionaries。  And in the

reforms subsequently effected; which really constitute the English

Reformation; they were made by the council of regency; under the

leadership of Cranmer and the protectorship of Somerset。



The first thing which the Government did after the accession of

Edward VI。 was to remove images from the churches; as a form of

idolatry;much to the wrath of Gardiner; Bishop of Winchester; the

ablest man of the old conservative and papal party。  But Ridley;

afterwards Bishop of Rochester; preached against all forms of papal

superstition with so much ability and zeal that the churches were

soon cleared of these 〃helps to devotion。〃



Cranmer; now unchecked; turned his attention to other reforms; but

proceeded slowly and cautiously; not wishing to hazard much at the

outset。  First communion of both kinds; heretofore restricted to

the clergy; was appointed; and; closely connected with it; Masses

were put down。  Then a law was passed by Parliament that the

appointment of bishops should vest in the Crown alone; and not; as

formerly; be confirmed by the Pope。  The next great thing to which

the reformers directed their attention was the preparation of a new

liturgy in the public worship of God; which gave rise to

considerable discussion。  They did not seek to sweep away the old

form; for it was prepared by the sainted doctors of the Church of

all ages; but they would purge it of all superstitions; and retain

what was most beautiful and expressive in the old prayers。  The Ten

Commandments; the Lord's Prayer; and the early creeds of course

were retained; as well as whatever was in harmony with primitive

usages。  These changes called out letters from Calvin at Geneva;

who was now recognized as a great oracle among the Protestants: he

encouraged the work; but advised a more complete reformation; and

complained of the coldness of the clergy; as well as of the general

vices of the times。  Martin Bucer of Strasburg; at this time

professor at Cambridge; also wrote letters to the same effect; but

the time had not come for more radical reforms。  Then Parliament;

controlled by the Government; passed an act allowing the clergy to

marry;opposed; of course; by many bishops in allegiance to Rome。

This was a great step in reform; and removed many popular scandals;

it struck a heavy blow at the conditions of the Middle Ages;

holding that celibacy sprung from no law of God; but was Oriental

in its origin; encouraged by the Church to cement its power。  And

this act concerning the marriage of the clergy was soon followed by

the celebrated Forty…two Articles; framed by Cranmer and Ridley;

which are the bases of the English Church;a theological creed;

slightly amended afterwards in the reign of Elizabeth; evangelical

but not Calvinistic; affirming the great ideas of Augustine and

Luther as to grace; justification by faith; and original sin; and

repudiating purgatory; pardons; the worship and invocation of

saints and images; a larger creed than the Nicene or Athanasian;

and comprehensive;such as most Protestants might accept。  Both

this and the book of Common Prayer were written with consummate

taste; were the work of great scholars;moderate; broad;

enlightened; conciliatory。



The reformers then gave their attention to an alteration of

ecclesiastical laws in reference to matters which had always been

decided in ecclesiastical courts。  The commissionersthe ablest

men in England; thirty…two in numberhad scarcely completed their

work before the young King died; and Mary ascended the throne。



We cannot too highly praise the moderation with which the reforms

had been made; especially when we remember the violence of the age。

There were indeed two or three capital executions for heresy。

Gardiner and Bonner; who opposed the reformation with unparalleled

bitterness were only deprived of their sees and sent to the Tower。

The execution of Somerset was the work of politicians; of great

noblemen jealous of his ascendency。  It does not belong to the

reformation; nor do the executions of a few other noblemen。



Cranmer himself was a statesman rather than a preacher。  He left

but few sermons; and these commonplace; without learning; or wit;

or zeal;ordinary exhortations to a virtuous life。  The chief

thing; outside of the reforms I have mentioned; was the publication

of a few homilies for the use of the clergy;too ignorant to write

sermons;which homilies were practical and orthodox; but

containing nothing to stir up an ardent religious life。  The Bible

was also given a greater scope; everybody could read it if he

wished。  Public prayer was restored to the people in a language

which they could understand; and a few preachers arose who appealed

to conscience and reason;like Latimer and Ridley; and Hooper and

Taylor; but most of them were formal and cold。  There must have

been great religious apathy; or else these reforms would have

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