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第42章

beacon lights of history-iii-2-第42章

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investigation。  The monks were accused of dilapidating public

property; of frequenting infamous places; of stealing jewels from

consecrated shrines。  In 1511; Archbishop Warham instituted another

visitation。  In 1523 Cardinal Wolsey himself undertook the task of

reform。  At last the Parliament; in 1535; appointed Cromwell vicar

or visitor…general; issued a commission; and intrusted it to

lawyers; not priests; who found that the worst had not been told;

and reported that two thirds of the monks of England were living in

concubinage; that their lands were wasted and mortgaged; and their

houses falling into ruins。  They found the Abbot of Fountains

surrounded with more women than Mohammed allowed his followers; and

the nuns of Litchfield scandalously immoral。



On this report; the Lords and Commonsdeliberately; not rashly

decreed the suppression of all monasteries the income of which was

less than two hundred pounds a year; and the sequestration of their

lands to the King。  About two hundred of the lesser convents were

thus suppressed; and the monks turned adrift; yet not entirely

without support。  This spoliation may have been a violation of the

rights of property; but the monks had betrayed their trusts。  The

next Parliament completed the work。  In 1539 all the religious

houses were suppressed; both great and small。  Such venerable and

princely retreats as St。 Albans; Glastonbury; Reading; Bury St。

Edmunds; and Westminster; which had flourished one thousand years;

founded long before the Conquest;shared the common ruin。  These

probably would have been spared; had not the first suppression

filled the country with rebels。  The great insurrection in

Lincolnshire which shook the foundation of the throne; the

intrigues of Cardinal Pole; the Cornish conspiracy in which the

great house of Neville was implicated; and various other

agitations; were all fomented by the angry monks。



Rapacity was not the leading motive of Henry or his minister; but

the public welfare。  The measure of suppression and sequestration

was violent; but called for。  Cromwell put forth no such

sophistical pleas as those revolutionists who robbed the French

clergy;that their property belonged to the nation。  In France the

clergy were despoiled; not because they were infamous; but because

they were rich。  In England the monks probably suffered injustice

from the severity of their punishment; but no one now doubts that

punishment was deserved。  Nor did Henry retain all the spoils

himself: he gave away the abbey lands with a prodigality equal to

his rapacity。  He gave them to those who upheld his throne; as a

reward for service or loyalty。  They were given to a new class of

statesmen; who led the popular party;like the Fitzwilliams; the

Russells; the Dudleys; and the Seymours;and thus became the

foundation of their great estates。  They were also distributed to

many merchants and manufacturers who had been loyal to the

government。  From one…third to two…thirds of the landed property of

the kingdom;as variously estimated;thus changed hands。  It was

an enormous confiscation;nearly as great as that made by William

the Conqueror in favor of his army of invaders。  It must have

produced an immense impression on the mind of Europe。  It was

almost as great a calamity to the Catholic Church of England as the

emancipation of slaves was to their Southern masters in our late

war。  Such a spoliation of the Church had not before taken place in

any country of Europe。  How great an evil the monastic system must

have been regarded by Parliament to warrant such an act!  Had it

not been popular; there would have been discontents amounting to a

general hostility to the throne。



It must also be borne in mind that this dissolution of the

monasteries; this attack on the monastic system; was not a

religious movement fanned by reformers; but an act of Parliament;

at the instance of a royal minister。  It was not done under the

direction of a Protestant king;for Henry was never a Protestant;

but as a public measure in behalf of morality and for reasons of

State。  It is true that Henry had; by his marriage with Anne Boleyn

and the divorce of his virtuous queen; defied the Pope and

separated England from Rome; so far as appointments to

ecclesiastical benefices are concerned。  But in offending the Pope

he also equally offended Charles V。  The results of his separation

from Rome; during his life; were purely political。  The King did

not give up the Mass or the Roman communion or Roman dogmas of

faith; he only prepared the way for reform in the next reign。  He

only intensified the hatred between the old conservative party and

the party of reform and progress。



How far Cromwell himself was a Protestant it is difficult to tell。

Doubtless he sympathized with the new religious spirit of the age;

but he did not openly avow the faith of Luther。  He was the able

and unscrupulous minister of an absolute monarch; bent on sweeping

away abuses of all kinds; but with the idea of enlarging the royal

authority as much; perhaps; as promoting the prosperity of the

realm。



He therefore turned his attention to the ecclesiastical courts;

which from the time of Becket had been antagonistic to royal

encroachments。  The war between the civil power and these courts

had begun before the fall of Wolsey; and had resulted in the

curtailment of probate duties; legacies; and mortuaries; by which

the clergy had been enriched。  A limitation of pluralities and

enforcement of residence had also been effected。  But a still

greater blow to the privileges of the clergy was struck by the

Parliament under the influence of Cromwell; who had elevated it in

order to give legality to the despotic measures of the Crown; and

in this way a law was passed that no one under the rank of a

subdeacon; if convicted of felony; should be allowed to plead his

〃benefit of clergy;〃 but should be punished like ordinary

criminals;thus re…establishing the constitutions of Clarendon in

the time of Becket。  Another act also was passed; by which no one

could be summoned; as aforetime; to the archbishop's court out of

his own diocese;a very beneficent act; since the people had been

needlessly subject to great expense and injustice in being obliged

to travel considerable distances。  It was moreover enacted that men

could not burden their estates beyond twenty years by providing

priests to sing masses for their souls。  The Parliament likewise

abolished annats;a custom which had long prevailed in Europe;

which required one year's income to be sent to the Pope on any new

preferment; a great burden to the clergy; a sort of tribute to a

foreign power。  Within fifty years; one hundred and sixty thousand

pounds had thus been sent from England to Rome; from this one

source of papal revenue alone;equal to three million pounds at

the present time; or fifteen millions of dollars; from a country of

only three millions of people。  It was the passage of that act

which induced Sir Thomas More (a devoted Catholic; but a just and

able and incorruptible judge) to resign the seals which he had so

long and so honorably held;the most prominent man in England

after Cromwell and Cranmer; and it was the execution of this lofty

character; because he held out against the imperious demands of

Henry; which is the greatest stain upon this monarch's reign。

Parliament also called the clergy to account for excessive acts of

despotism; and subjected them to the penalty of a premunire (the

offence of bringing a foreign authority into England); from which

they were freed only by enormous fines。



Thus it would seem that many abuses were removed by Cromwell and

the Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII。 which may almost be

considered as reforms of the Church itself。  The authority of the

Church was not attacked; still less its doctrines; but only abuses

and privileges the restraint of which was of public benefit; and

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