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world is moving on and perpetually changing; nor can we tell what

new vanity will next arise;vanity or glory; according to our

varying notions of the dignity and destiny of man。  We may predict

that it will not be any mechanical improvement; for ere long the

limit will be reached;and it will be reached when the great mass

cannot find work to do; for the everlasting destiny of man is toil

and labor。  But it will be some sublime wonders of which we cannot

now conceive; and which in time will pass away for other wonders

and novelties; until the great circle is completed; and all human

experiments shall verify the moral wisdom of the eternal

revelation。  Then all that man has done; all that man can do; in

his own boastful thought; will be seen; in the light of the

celestial verities; to be indeed a vanity and a failure; not of

human ingenuity and power; but to realize the happiness which is

only promised as the result of supernatural; not mortal; strength;

yet which the soul in its restless aspirations never ceases its

efforts to secure;everlasting Babel…building to reach the

unattainable on earth。



Now the revival of art in Italy was one of the great movements in

the series of human development。  It peculiarly characterized the

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries。  It was an age of artistic

wonders; of great creations。



Italy; especially; was glorious when Michael Angelo was born; 1474;

when the rest of Europe was comparatively rude; and when no great

works in art; in poetry; in history; or philosophy had yet

appeared。  He was descended from an illustrious family; and was

destined to one of the learned professions; but he could not give

up his mind to anything but drawing;as annoying to his father as

Galileo's experiments were to his parent; as unmeaning to him as

Gibbon's History was to George III。;〃Scribble; scribble;

scribble; Mr。 Gibbon; I perceive; sir; you are always a…

scribbling。〃  No perception of a new power; no sympathy with the

abandonment to a specialty not indorsed by fashions and traditions;

but without which abandonment genius cannot easily be developed。

At last the father yielded; and the son was apprenticed to a

paintera degradation in the eyes of Mediaeval aristocracy。



The celebrated Lorenzo de' Medici was then in the height of power

and fame in Florence; adored by Roscoe as the patron of artists and

poets; although he subverted the liberties of his country。  This

over…lauded prince; heir of the fortunes of a great family of

merchants; wishing to establish a school for sculpture; filled a

garden with statues; and freely admitted to it young scholars in

art。  Michael Angelo was one of the most frequent and enthusiastic

visitors to this garden; where in due time he attracted the

attention of the magnificent Lord of Florence by a head chiselled

so remarkably that he became an inmate of the palace; sat at the

table of Lorenzo; and at last was regularly adopted as one of the

Prince's family; with every facility for prosecuting his studies。

Before he was eighteen the youth had sculptured the battle of

Hercules with the Centaurs; which he would never part with; and

which still remains in his family; so well done that he himself; at

the age of eighty; regretted that he had not given up his whole

life to sculpture。



It was then as a sculptor that Michael Angelo first appears to the

historical student;about the year 1492; when Columbus was

crossing the great unknown ocean to realize his belief in a western

passage to India。  Thus commercial enterprise began with the

revival of art; and was destined never to be separated in its

alliance with it; since commerce brings wealth; and wealth seeks to

ornament the palaces and gardens which it has created or purchased。

The sculptor's art was not born until piety had already edifices in

which to worship God; or pride the monuments in which it sought the

glories of a name; but it made rapid progress as wealth increased

and taste became refined; as the need was felt for ornaments and

symbols to adorn naked walls and empty spaces; especially statuary;

grouped or single; of men or animals;a marble history to

interpret or reproduce consecrated associations。  Churches might do

without them; the glass stained in every color of the rainbow; the

altar shining with gold and silver and precious stones; the pillars

multiplied and diversified; and rich in foliated circles; mullions;

mouldings; groins; and bosses; and bearing aloft the arched and

ponderous roof;one scene of dazzling magnificence;these could

do without them; but the palaces and halls and houses of the rich

required the image of man;and of man not emaciated and worn and

monstrous; but of man as he appeared to the classical Greeks; in

the perfection of form and physical beauty。  So the artists who

arose with the revival of commerce; with the multiplication of

human wants and the study of antiquity; sought to restore the

buried statues with the long…neglected literature and laws。  It was

in sculptured marbles that enthusiasm was most marked。  These were

found in abundance in various parts of Italy whenever the vast

debris of the ancient magnificence was removed; and were

universally admired and prized by popes; cardinals; and princes;

and formed the nucleus of great museums。



The works of Michael Angelo as a sculptor were not numerous; but in

sublimity they have never been surpassed;non multa; sed multum。

His unfinished monument of Julius II。; begun at that pontiff's

request as a mausoleum; is perhaps his greatest work; and the

statue of Moses; which formed a part of it; has been admired for

three hundred years。  In this; as in his other masterpieces;

grandeur and majesty are his characteristics。  It may have been a

reproduction; and yet it is not a copy。  He made character and

moral force the first consideration; and form subservient to

expression。  And here he differed; it is said by great critics;

from the ancients; who thought more of form than of moral

expression;as may be seen in the faces of the Venus de Medici and

the Apollo Belvedere; matchless and inimitable as these statues are

in grace and beauty。  The Laocoon and the Dying Gladiator are

indeed exceptions; for it is character which constitutes their

chief merit;the expression of pain; despair; and agony。  But

there is almost no intellectual or moral expression in the faces of

other famous and remarkable antique statues; only beauty and

variety of form; such as Powers exhibited in his Greek Slave;an

inferior excellence; since it is much easier to copy the beautiful

in the nude statues which people Italy; than to express such

intellectual majesty as Michael Angelo conceivedthat intellectual

expression which Story has succeeded in giving to his African

Sibyl。  Thus while the great artist retained the antique; he

superadded a loftiness such as the ancients rarely produced; and

sculpture became in his hands; not demoralizing and Pagan;

resplendent in sensual charms; but instructive and exalting;

instructive for the marvellous display of anatomical knowledge; and

exalting from grand conceptions of dignity and power。  His

knowledge of anatomy was so remarkable that he could work without

models。  Our artists; in these days; must always have before their

eyes some nude figure to copy。



The same peculiarities which have given him fame as a sculptor he

carried out into painting; in which he is even more remarkable; for

the artists of Italy at this period often combined a skill for all

the fine arts。  In sculpture they were much indebted to the

ancients; but painting seems to have been purely a development。  In

the Middle Ages it was comparatively rude。  No noted painter arose

until Cimabue in the middle of the thirteenth century。  Before him;

painting was a lifeless imitation of models afforded by Greek

workers in mosaics; but Cimabue abandoned this servile copying; and

gave a new expression to heads; 

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