beacon lights of history-iii-2-第22章
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question is; whether America is or is not more favorable for its
healthy developments and applications than the other countries of
Christendom are。 We believe that it is。 If it is not; then
America is only a new field for the spread and triumph of material
forces。 If it is; we may look forward to such improvements in
education; in political institutions; in social life; in religious
organizations; in philanthropical enterprise; that the country will
be sought by the poor and enslaved classes of Europe more for its
moral and intellectual advantages than for its mines or farms; the
objects of the Puritan settlers will be gained; and the grandeur of
the discovery of a New World will be established。
〃What sought they thus afar?
Bright jewels of the mine?
The wealth of seas;the spoils of war?
They sought for Faith's pure shrine。
Ay; call it holy ground;
The soil where first they trod;
They've left unstained what there they found;
Freedom to worship God。〃
AUTHORITIES。
Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella; Washington Irving; Cabot's
Voyages; and other early navigators; Columbus; by De Costa; Life of
Columbus; by Bossi and Spatono; Relations de Quatre voyage par
Christopher Colomb; Drake's World Encompassed; Murray's Historical
Account of Discoveries; Hernando; Historia del Amirante; History of
Commerce; Lives of Pizarro and Cortes; Frobisher's Voyages;
Histories of Herrera; Las Casas; Gomera; and Peter Martyr;
Navarrete's Collections; Memoir of Cabot; by Richard Biddle;
Hakluyt's Voyages; Dr。 Lardner's Cyclopaedia;History of Maritime
and Inland Discovery; Anderson's History of Commerce; Oviedo's
General History of the West Indies; History of the New World; by
Geronimo Benzoni; Goodrich's Life of Christopher Columbus。
SAVONAROLA。
A。 D。 1452…1498。
UNSUCCESSFUL REFORMS。
This lecture is intended to set forth a memorable movement in the
Roman Catholic Church;a reformation of morals; preceding the
greater movement of Luther to produce a reformation of both morals
and doctrines。 As the representative of this movement I take
Savonarola; concerning whom much has of late been written; more; I
think; because he was a Florentine in a remarkable age;the age of
artists and of reviving literature;than because he was a martyr;
battling with evils which no one man was capable of removing。 His
life was more a protest than a victory。 He was an unsuccessful
reformer; and yet he prepared the way for that religious revival
which afterward took place in the Catholic Church itself。 His
spirit was not revolutionary; like that of the Saxon monk; and yet
it was progressive。 His soul was in active sympathy with every
emancipating idea of his age。 He was the incarnation of a fervid;
living; active piety amid forms and formulas; a fearless exposer of
all shams; an uncompromising enemy to the blended atheism and
idolatry of his ungodly age。 He was the contemporary of political;
worldly; warlike; unscrupulous popes; disgraced by nepotism and
personal vices;men who aimed to extend not a spiritual but
temporal dominion; and who scandalized the highest position in the
Christian world; as attested by all reliable historians; whether
Catholic or Protestant。 However infallible the Catholic Church
claims to be; it has never been denied that some of her highest
dignitaries have been subject to grave reproaches; both in their
character and their influence。 Such men were Sixtus IV。; Julius
II。; and Alexander VI。;able; probably; for it is very seldom that
the popes have not been distinguished for something; but men;
nevertheless; who were a disgrace to the superb position they had
succeeded in reaching。
The great feature of that age was the revival of classical learning
and artistic triumphs in sculpture; painting; and architecture;
blended with infidel levity and social corruptions; so that it is
both interesting and hideous。 It is interesting for its triumphs
of genius; its dispersion of the shadows of the Middle Ages; the
commencement of great enterprises and of a marked refinement of
manners and tastes; it is hideous for its venalities; its murders;
its debaucheries; its unblushing wickedness; and its disgraceful
levities; when God and duty and self…restraint were alike ignored。
Cruel tyrants reigned in cities; and rapacious priests fattened on
the credulity of the people。 Think of monks itinerating to sell
perverted 〃indulgences〃; of monasteries and convents filled; not
with sublime enthusiasts as in earlier times; but with gluttons and
sensualists; living in concubinage and greedy of the very things
which primitive monasticism denounced and abhorred! Think of boys
elevated to episcopal thrones; and the sons of popes made cardinals
and princes! Think of churches desecrated by spectacles which were
demoralizing; and a worship of saints and images which had become
idolatrous;a degrading superstition among the people; an infidel
apathy among the higher classes: not infidel speculations; for
these were reserved for more enlightened times; but an indifference
to what is ennobling; to all vital religion; worthy of the Sophists
in the time of Socrates!
It was in this age of religious apathy and scandalous vices; yet of
awakening intelligence and artistic glories; when the greatest
enthusiasm was manifested for the revived literature and sculptured
marbles of classic Greece and Rome; that Savonarola appeared in
Florence as a reformer and preacher and statesman; near the close
of the fifteenth century; when Columbus was seeking a western
passage to India; when Michael Angelo was moulding the 〃Battle of
Hercules with the Centaurs;〃 when Ficino was teaching the
philosophy of Plato; when Alexander VI。 was making princes of his
natural children; when Bramante was making plans for a new St。
Peter's; when Cardinal Bembo was writing Latin essays; when Lorenzo
de' Medici was the flattered patron of both scholars and artists;
and the city over which he ruled with so much magnificence was the
most attractive place in Europe; next to that other city on the
banks of the Tiber; whose wonders and glories have never been
exhausted; and will probably survive the revolutions of unknown
empires。
But Savonarola was not a native of Florence。 He was born in the
year 1452 at Ferrara; belonged to a good family; and received an
expensive education; being destined to the profession of medicine。
He was a sad; solitary; pensive; but precocious young man; whose
youth was marked by an unfortunate attachment to a haughty
Florentine girl。 He did not cherish her memory and dedicate to her
a life…labor; like Dante; but became very dejected and very pious。
His piety assumed; of course; the ascetic type; for there was
scarcely any other in that age; and he entered a Dominican convent;
as Luther; a few years later; entered an Augustinian。 But he was
not an original genius; or a bold and independent thinker like
Luther; so he was not emancipated from the ideas of his age。 How
few men can go counter to prevailing ideas! It takes a prodigious
genius; and a fearless; inquiring mind; to break away from their
bondage。 Abraham could renounce the idolatries which surrounded
him; when called by a supernatural voice; Paul could give up the
Phariseeism which reigned in the Jewish schools and synagogues;
when stricken blind by the hand of God; Luther could break away
from monastic rules and papal denunciation; when taught by the
Bible the true ground of justification;but Savonarola could not。
He pursued the path to heaven in the beaten track; after the
fashion of Jerome and Bernard and Thomas Aquinas; after the style
of the Middle Ages; and was sincere; devout; and lofty; like the
saints of the fifth century; and read his Bible as they did; and
essayed a high religious life; but he was stern; gloomy; and
austere; emaciated by