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Nonconformists

Their doctrines and discipline

The great Puritan controversy

The Puritans represent the popular side of the Reformation

Their theology

Their moral discipline

Their connection with civil liberty

Summary of the English Reformation







IGNATIUS LOYOLA。



RISE AND INFLUENCE OF THE JESUITS。



The counter…reformation effected by the Jesuits

Picture of the times; theological doctrines

The Monastic Orders no longer available

Ignatius Loyola

His early life

Founds a new order of Monks

Wonderful spread of the Society of Jesus

Their efficient organization

Causes of success in general

Virtues and abilities of the early Jesuits

Their devotion and bravery

Jesuit Missions

Veneration for Loyola; his 〃Spiritual Exercises〃

Lainez

Singular obedience exacted of the members of the Society

Absolute power of the General of the Order

Voluntary submission of Jesuits to complete despotism

The Jesuits adapt themselves to the circumstances of society

Causes of the decline of their influence

Corruption of most human institutions

The Jesuits become rich and then corrupt

Esprit de corps of the Jesuits

Their doctrine of expediency

Their political intrigues

Persecution of the Protestants

The enemies they made

Madame de Pompadour

Suppression of the Order

Their return to power

Reasons why Protestants fear and dislike them





JOHN CALVIN。



PROTESTANT THEOLOGY。



John Calvin's position

His early life and precocity

Becomes a leader of Protestants

Removes to Geneva

His habits and character

Temporary exile

Convention at Frankfort

Melancthon; Luther; Calvin; and Catholic doctrines

Return to Geneva; and marriage

Calvin compared with Luther

Calvin as a legislator

His reform

His views of the Eucharist

Excommunication; etc

His dislike of ceremonies and festivals

The simplicity of the worship of God

His ideas of church government

Absence of toleration

Church and State

Exaltation of preaching

Calvin as a theologian; his Institutes

His doctrine of Predestination

His general doctrines in harmony with Mediaeval theology

His views of sin and forgiveness; Calvinism

He exacts the same authority to logical deduction from admitted

truths as to direct declarations of Scripture

Puritans led away by Calvin's intellectuality

His whole theology radiates from the doctrine of the majesty of God

and the littleness of man

To him a personal God is everything

Defects of his system

Calvin an aristocrat

His intellectual qualities

His prodigious labors

His severe characteristics

His vast influence

His immortal fame





LORD BACON。



THE NEW PHILOSOPHY。



Lord Bacon as portrayed by Macaulay

His great defects of character

Contrast made between the man and the philosopher

Bacon's youth and accomplishments

Enters Parliament

Seeks office

At the height of fortune and fame

His misfortunes

Consideration of charges against him

His counterbalancing merits

The exaltation by Macaulay of material life

Bacon made its exponent

But the aims of Bacon were higher

The true spirit of his philosophy

Deductive philosophies

His new method

Bacon's Works

Relations of his philosophy

Material science and knowledge

Comparison of knowledge with wisdom





GALILEO。



ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES。



A brilliant portent

The greatness of the sixteenth century

Artists; scholars; reformers; religious defenders

Maritime discoveries

Literary; ecclesiastical; political achievements

Youth of Galileo

His early discoveries

Genius for mathematics

Professor at Pisa

Ridicules the old philosophers; invents the thermometer

Compared with Kepler

Galileo teaches the doctrines of Copernicus。

Gives offence by his railleries and mockeries。

Theology and science

Astronomical knowledge of the Ancients

Utilization of science

Construction of the first telescope

Galileo's reward

His successive discoveries

His enemies

High scientific rank in Europe

Hostility of the Church

Galileo summoned before the Inquisition; his condemnation and

admonition

His new offences

Summoned before a council of Cardinals

His humiliation

His recantations

Consideration of his position

Greatness of mind rather than character

His confinement at Arceti

Opposition to science

His melancholy old age and blindness

Visited by John Milton; comparison of the two; when blind

Consequence of Galileo's discoveries

Later results

Vastness of the universe

Grandeur of astronomical science







BEACON LIGHTS OF HISTORY。





DANTE。



A。D。 1265…1321。



RISE OF MODERN POETRY。





The first great genius who aroused his country from the torpor of

the Middle Ages was a poet。  Poetry; then; was the first influence

which elevated the human mind amid the miseries of a gloomy period;

if we may except the schools of philosophy which flourished in the

rising universities。  But poetry probably preceded all other forms

of culture in Europe; even as it preceded philosophy and art in

Greece。  The gay Provencal singers were harbingers of Dante; even

as unknown poets prepared the way for Homer。  And as Homer was the

creator of Grecian literature; so Dante; by his immortal comedy;

gave the first great impulse to Italian thought。  Hence poets are

great benefactors; and we will not let them die in our memories or

hearts。  We crown them; when alive; with laurels and praises; and

when they die; we erect monuments to their honor。  They are dear to

us; since their writings give perpetual pleasure; and appeal to our

loftiest sentiments。  They appeal not merely to consecrated ideas

and feelings; but they strive to conform to the principles of

immortal art。  Every great poet is as much an artist as the

sculptor or the painter: and art survives learning itself。  Varro;

the most learned of the Romans; is forgotten; when Virgil is

familiar to every school…boy。  Cicero himself would not have been

immortal; if his essays and orations had not conformed to the

principles of art。  Even an historian who would live must be an

artist; like Voltaire or Macaulay。  A cumbrous; or heavy; or

pedantic historian will never be read; even if his learning be

praised by all the critics of Germany。



Poets are the great artists of language。  They even create

languages; like Homer and Shakspeare。  They are the ornaments of

literature。  But they are more than ornaments。  They are the sages

whose sayings are treasured up and valued and quoted from age to

age; because of the inspiration which is given to them;an insight

into the mysteries of the soul and the secrets of life。  A good

song is never lost; a good poem is never buried; like a system of

philosophy; but has an inherent vitality; like the melodies of the

son of Jesse。  Real poetry is something; too; beyond elaborate

versification; which is one of the literary fashions; and passes

away like other fashions unless; redeemed by something that arouses

the soul; and elevates it; and appeals to the consciousness of

universal humanity。  It is the poets who make revelations; like

prophets and sages of old; it is they who invest history with

interest; like Shakspeare and Racine; and preserve what is most

vital and valuable in it。  They even adorn philosophy; like

Lucretius; when he speculated on the systems of the Ionian

philosophers。  They certainly impress powerfully on the mind the

truths of theology; as Watts and Cowper and Wesley did in their

noble lyrics。  So that the most rapt and imaginative of men; if

artists; utilize the whole realm of knowledge; and diffuse it; and

perpetuate it in artistic forms。  But real poets are rare; even if

there are many who glory in the jingle of language and the

structure of rhyme。  Poetry; to live; must have a soul; and it must

combine rare things;art; music; genius; original thought; wisdom

made still richer by learning; and;

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