beacon lights of history-iii-2-第12章
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brother; as good and pious as he; living in peace with all the
world; paying tithes cheerfully; laborious and conscientious; the
forerunner of the Puritan yeoman。
Of this motley company of pilgrims; I have already spoken of the
prioress;a woman of high position。 In contrast with her is the
wife of Bath; who has travelled extensively; even to Jerusalem and
Rome; charitable; kind…hearted; jolly; and talkative; but bold and
masculine and coarse; with a red face and red stockings; and a hat
as big as a shield; and sharp spurs on her feet; indicating that
she sat on her ambler like a man。
There are other characters which I cannot stop to mention;the
sailor; browned by the seas and sun; and full of stolen Bordeaux
wine; the haberdasher; the carpenter; the weaver; the dyer; the
tapestry…worker; the cook; to boil the chickens and the marrow…
bones; and bake the pies and tarts;mostly people from the middle
and lower ranks of society; whose clothes are gaudy; manners rough;
and language coarse。 But all classes and trades and professions
seem to be represented; except nobles; bishops; and abbots;
dignitaries whom; perhaps; Chaucer is reluctant to describe and
caricature。
To beguile the time on the journey to Canterbury; all these various
pilgrims are required to tell some story peculiar to their separate
walks of life; and it is these stories which afford the best
description we have of the manners and customs of the fourteenth
century; as well as of its leading sentiments and ideas。
The knight was required to tell his story first; and it naturally
was one of love and adventure。 Although the scene of it was laid
in ancient Greece; it delineates the institution of chivalry and
the manners and sentiments it produced。 No writer of that age;
except perhaps Froissart; paints the connection of chivalry with
the graces of the soul and the moral beauty which poetry associates
with the female sex as Chaucer does。 The aristocratic woman of
chivalry; while delighting in martial sports; and hence masculine
and haughty; is also condescending; tender; and gracious。 The
heroic and dignified self…respect with which chivalry invested
woman exalted the passion of love。 Allied with reverence for woman
was loyalty to the prince。 The rough warrior again becomes a
gentleman; and has access to the best society。 Whatever may have
been the degrees of rank; the haughtiest nobleman associated with
the penniless knight; if only he were a gentleman and well born; on
terms of social equality; since chivalry; while it created
distinctions; also levelled those which wealth and power naturally
created among the higher class。 Yet chivalry did not exalt woman
outside of noble ranks。 The plebeian woman neither has the graces
of the high…born lady; nor does she excite that reverence for the
sex which marked her condition in the feudal castle。 〃Tournaments
and courts of love were not framed for village churls; but for
high…born dames and mighty earls。〃
Chaucer in his description of women in ordinary life does not seem
to have a very high regard for them。 They are weak or coarse or
sensual; though attentive to their domestic duties; and generally
virtuous。 An exception is made of Virginia; in the doctor's tale;
who is represented as beautiful and modest; radiant in simplicity;
discreet and true。 But the wife of Bath is disgusting from her
coarse talk and coarser manners。 Her tale is to show what a woman
likes best; which; according to her; is to bear rule over her
husband and household。 The prioress is conventional and weak;
aping courtly manners。 The wife of the host of the Tabard inn is a
vixen and shrew; who calls her husband a milk…sop; and is so
formidable with both her tongue and her hands that he is glad to
make his escape from her whenever he can。 The pretty wife of the
carpenter; gentle and slender; with her white apron and open dress;
is anything but intellectual;a mere sensual beauty。 Most of
these women are innocent of toothbrushes; and give and receive
thrashings; and sing songs without a fastidious taste; and beat
their servants and nag their husbands。 But they are good cooks;
and understand the arts of brewing and baking and roasting and
preserving and pickling; as well as of spinning and knitting and
embroidering。 They are supreme in their households; they keep the
keys and lock up the wine。 They are gossiping; and love to receive
their female visitors。 They do not do much shopping; for shops
were very primitive; with but few things to sell。 Their knowledge
is very limited; and confined to domestic matters。 They are on the
whole modest; but are the victims of friars and pedlers。 They have
more liberty than we should naturally suppose; but have not yet
learned to discriminate between duties and rights。 There are few
disputed questions between them and their husbands; but the duty of
obedience seems to have been recognized。 But if oppressed; they
always are free with their tongues; they give good advice; and do
not spare reproaches in language which in our times we should not
call particularly choice。 They are all fond of dress; and wear gay
colors; without much regard to artistic effect。
In regard to the sports and amusements of the people; we learn much
from Chaucer。 In one sense the England of his day was merry; that
is; the people were noisy and rough in their enjoyments。 There was
frequent ringing of the bells; there were the horn of the huntsman
and the excitements of the chase; there was boisterous mirth in the
village ale…house; there were frequent holidays; and dances around
May…poles covered with ribbons and flowers and flags; there were
wandering minstrels and jesters and jugglers; and cock…fightings
and foot…ball and games at archery; there were wrestling matches
and morris…dancing and bear…baiting。 But the exhilaration of the
people was abnormal; like the merriment of negroes on a Southern
plantation;a sort of rebound from misery and burdens; which found
a vent in noise and practical jokes when the ordinary restraint was
removed。 The uproarious joy was a sort of defiance of the semi…
slavery to which workmen were doomed; for when they could be
impressed by the king's architect and paid whatever he chose to
give them; there could not have been much real contentment; which
is generally placid and calm。 There is one thing in which all
classes delighted in the fourteenth century; and that was a garden;
in which flowers bloomed;things of beauty which were as highly
valued as the useful。 Moreover; there was a zest in rural sports
now seldom seen; especially among the upper classes who could
afford to hunt and fish。 There was no excitement more delightful
to gentlemen and ladies than that of hawking; and it infinitely
surpassed in interest any rural sport whatever in our day; under
any circumstances。 Hawks trained to do the work of fowling…pieces
were therefore greater pets than any dogs that now are the company
of sportsmen。 A lady without a falcon on her wrist; when mounted
on her richly caparisoned steed for a morning's sport; was very
rare indeed。
An instructive feature of the 〃Canterbury Tales〃 is the view which
Chaucer gives us of the food and houses and dresses of the people。
〃In the Nonne's Prestes' Tale we see the cottage and manner of life
of a poor widow。〃 She has three daughters; three pigs; three oxen;
and a sheep。 Her house had only two rooms;an eating…room; which
also served for a kitchen and sitting…room; and a bower or
bedchamber;both without a chimney; with holes pierced to let in
the light。 The table was a board put upon trestles; to be removed
when the meal of black bread and milk; and perchance an egg with
bacon; was over。 The three slept without sheets or blankets on a
rude bed; covered only with their ordinary day…clothes。 Their
kitchen utensils were a brass pot or two for boiling; a few wooden
platters;