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Beacon Lights of History



Volume III  Part 2



by John Lord







Volume III。



Part IIRenaissance and Reformation。







CONTENTS。





DANTE。



RISE OF MODERN POETRY。





The antiquity of Poetry

The greatness of Poets

Their influence on Civilization

The true poet one of the rarest of men

The pre…eminence of Homer; Dante; Shakspeare; and Goethe

Characteristics of Dante

His precocity

His moral wisdom and great attainments

His terrible scorn and his isolation

State of society when Dante was born

His banishment

Guelphs and Ghibellines

Dante stimulated to his great task by an absorbing sentiment

  Beatrice

Dante's passion for Beatrice analyzed

The worship of ideal qualities the foundation of lofty love

The mystery of love

Its exalted realism

Dedication of Dante's life…labors to the departed Beatrice

The Divine Comedy; a study

The Inferno; its graphic pictures

Its connection with the ideas of the Middle Ages

The physical hell of Dante in its connection with the Mediaeval

  doctrine of Retribution

The Purgatorio; its moral wisdom

Origin of the doctrine of Purgatory

Its consolation amid the speculations of despair

The Paradiso

Its discussion of grand themes

The Divina Commedia makes an epoch in civilization

Dante's life an epic

His exalted character

His posthumous influence







GEOFFREY CHAUCER。



ENGLISH LIFE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY。





The characteristics of the fourteenth century

Its great events and characters

State of society in England when Chaucer arose

His early life

His intimacy with John of Gaunt; the great Duke of Lancaster

His prosperity

His poetry

The Canterbury Tales

Their fidelity to Nature and to English life

Connection of his poetry with the formation of the English Language

The Pilgrims of the Canterbury Tales

Chaucer's views of women and of love

His description of popular sports and amusements

The preponderance of country life in the fourteenth century

Chaucer's description of popular superstitions

Of ecclesiastical abuses

His emancipation from the ideas of the Middle Ages

Peculiarities of his poetry

Chaucer's private life

The respect in which he was held

Influence of his poetry







CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS。



MARITIME DISCOVERIES。





Marco Polo

His travels

The geographical problems of the fourteenth century

Sought to be solved by Christopher Columbus

The difficulties he had to encounter

Regarded as a visionary man

His persistence

Influence of women in great enterprises

Columbus introduced to Queen Isabella

Excuses for his opponents

The Queen favors his projects

The first voyage of Columbus

Its dangers

Discovery of the Bahama Islands

Discovery of Cuba and Hispaniola

Columbus returns to Spain

The excitement and enthusiasm produced by his discoveries

His second voyage

Extravagant expectations of Columbus

Disasters of the colonists

Decline of the popularity of Columbus

His third voyage

His arrest and disgrace

His fourth voyage

His death

Greatness of his services

Results of his discoveries

Colonization

The mines of Peru and Mexico

The effects on Europe of the rapid increase of the precious metals

True sources of national wealth

The destinies of America

Its true mission







SAVONAROLA。



UNSUCCESSFUL REFORMS。





The age of Savonarola

Revival of Classic Literature

Ecclesiastical corruptions

Religious apathy; awakened intelligence; infidel spirit

Youth of Savonarola

His piety

Begins to preach

His success at Florence

Peculiarities of his eloquence

Death of Lorenzo de Medici

Savonarola as a political leader

Denunciation of tyranny

His influence in giving a constitution to the Florentines

Difficulties of Constitution…making

His method of teaching political science

Peculiarities of the new Rule

Its great wisdom

Savonarola as reformer

As moralist

Terrible denunciation of sin in high places

A prophet of woe

Contrast between Savonarola and Luther

The sermons of Savonarola

His marvellous eloquence

Its peculiarities

The enemies of Savonarola

Savonarola persecuted

His appeal to Europe

The people desert him

Months of torment

His martyrdom

His character

His posthumous influence







MICHAEL ANGELO。



THE REVIVAL OF ART。





Michael Angelo as representative of reviving Art

Ennobling effects of Art when inspired by lofty sentiments

Brilliancy of Art in the sixteenth century

Early life of Michael Angelo

His aptitude for Art

Patronized by Lorenzo de Medici

Sculpture later in its development than Architecture

The chief works of Michael Angelo as sculptor

The peculiarity of his sculptures

Michael Angelo as painter

History of painting in the Middle Ages

Da Vinci

The frescos of the Sistine Chapel

The Last Judgment

The cartoon of the battle of Pisa

The variety as well as moral grandeur of Michael Angelo's paintings

Ennobling influence of his works

His works as architect

St。 Peter's Church

Revival of Roman and Grecian Architecture

Contrasted with Gothic Architecture

Michael Angelo rescues the beauties of Paganism

Not responsible for absurdities of the Renaissance

Greatness of Michael Angelo as a man

His industry; temperance; dignity of character; love of Art for

  Art's sake

His indifference to rewards and praises

His transcendent fame







MARTIN LUTHER。



THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION。





Luther's predecessors

Corruptions of the Church

Luther the man for the work of reform

His peculiarities

His early piety

Enters a Monastery

His religious experience

Made Professor of Divinity at Wittenberg

The Pope in great need of money to complete St。 Peter's

Indulgences; principles on which they were based

Luther; indignant; preaches Justification by Faith

His immense popularity

Grace the cardinal principle of the Reformation

The Reformation began as a religious movement

How the defence of Luther's doctrine led to the recognition of the

  supreme authority of the Scriptures

Public disputation at Leipsic between Luther and Eck

Connection between the advocacy of the Bible as a supreme authority

  and the right of private judgment

Religious liberty a sequence of private judgment

Connection between religious and civil liberty

Contrast between Leo I。 and Luther

Luther as reformer

His boldness and popularity

He alarms Rome

His translation of the Bible; his hymns; and other works

Summoned by imperial authority to the Diet of Worms

His memorable defence

His immortal legacies

His death and character







THOMAS CRANMER。



THE ENGLISH REFORMATION。





Importance of the English Reformation

Cranmer its best exponent

What was effected during the reign of Henry VIII。

Thomas Cromwell

Suppression of Monasteries

Their opposition to the revival of Learning

Their exceeding corruption

Their great wealth and its confiscation

Ecclesiastical courts

Sir Thomas More; his execution

Main feature of Henry VIII。's anti…clerical measures。

Fall of Cromwell

Rise of Cranmer

His characteristics

His wise moderation

His fortunate suggestions to Henry VIII。

Made Archbishop of Canterbury

Difficulties of his position

Reforms made by the government; not by the people。

Accession of Edward VI

Cranmer's Church reforms: open communion; abolition of the Mass;

new English liturgy

Marriage among the clergy; the Forty…two Articles

Accession of Mary

Persecution of the Reformers

Reactionary measures

Arrest; weakness; and recantation of Cranmer

His noble death; his character

Death of Mary

Accession of Elizabeth; and return of exiles to England

The Elizabethan Age

Conservative reforms and conciliatory measures

The Thirty…nine Articles

Nonconformists

Their doctrines and discipline

The great Puritan controversy

The

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