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第12章

parmenides-第12章

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and also partake of limit。



  Certainly。



  Then they are both like and unlike one another and themselves。



  How is that?



  Inasmuch as they are unlimited in their own nature; they are all



affected in the same way。



  True。



  And inasmuch as they all partake of limit; they are all affected



in the same way。



  Of course。



  But inasmuch as their state is both limited and unlimited; they



are affected in opposite ways。



  Yes。



  And opposites are the most unlike of things。



  Certainly。



  Considered; then; in regard to either one of their affections;



they will be like themselves and one another; considered in



reference to both of them together; most opposed and most unlike。



  That appears to be true。



  Then the others are both like and unlike themselves and one another?



  True。



  And they are the same and also different from one another; and in



motion and at rest; and experience every sort of opposite affection;



as may be proved without difficulty of them; since they have been



shown to have experienced the affections aforesaid?



  True。







  Suppose; now; that we leave the further discussion of these



matters as evident; and consider again upon the hypothesis that the



one is; whether opposite of all this is or is not equally true of



the others。



  By all means。



  Then let us begin again; and ask; If one is; what must be the



affections of the others?



  Let us ask that question。



  Must not the one be distinct from the others; and the others from



the one?



  Why so?



  Why; because there is nothing else beside them which is distinct



from both of them; for the expression 〃one and the others〃 includes



all things。



  Yes; all things。



  Then we cannot suppose that there is anything different from them in



which both the one and the others might exist?



  There is nothing。



  Then the one and the others are never in the same?



  True。



  Then they are separated from each other?



  Yes。



  And we surely cannot say that what is truly one has parts?



  Impossible。



  Then the one will not be in the others as a whole; nor as part; if



it be separated from the others; and has no parts?



  Impossible。



  Then there is no way in which the others can partake of the one;



if they do not partake either in whole or in part?



  It would seem not。



  Then there is no way in which the others are one; or have in



themselves any unity?



  There is not。



  Nor are the others many; for if they were many; each part of them



would be a part of the whole; but now the others; not partaking in any



way of the one; are neither one nor many; nor whole; nor part。



  True。



  Then the others neither are nor contain two or three; if entirely



deprived of the one?



  True。



  Then the others are neither like nor unlike the one; nor is likeness



and unlikeness in them; for if they were like and unlike; or had in



them likeness and unlikeness; they would have two natures in them



opposite to one another。



  That is clear。



  But for that which partakes of nothing to partake of two things



was held by us to be impossible?



  Impossible。



  Then the others are neither like nor unlike nor both; for if they



were like or unlike they would partake of one of those two natures;



which would be one thing; and if they were both they would partake



of opposites which would be two things; and this has been shown to



be impossible。



  True。



  Therefore they are neither the same; nor other; nor in motion; nor



at rest; nor in a state of becoming; nor of being destroyed; nor



greater; nor less; nor equal; nor have they experienced anything



else of the sort; for; if they are capable of experiencing any such



affection; they will participate in one and two and three; and odd and



even; and in these; as has been proved; they do not participate;



seeing that they are altogether and in every way devoid of the one。



  Very true。



  Therefore if one is; the one is all things; and also nothing; both



in relation to itself and to other things。



  Certainly。







  Well; and ought we not to consider next what will be the consequence



if the one is not?



  Yes; we ought。



  What is the meaning of the hypothesis…If the one is not; is there



any difference between this and the hypothesis…If the not one is not?



  There is a difference; certainly。



  Is there a difference only; or rather are not the two expressions…if



the one is not; and if the not one is not; entirely opposed?



  They are entirely opposed。



  And suppose a person to say:…If greatness is not; if smallness is



not; or anything of that sort; does he not mean; whenever he uses such



an expression; that 〃what is not〃 is other than other things?



  To be sure。



  And so when he says 〃If one is not〃 he clearly means; that what



〃is not〃 is other than all others; we know what he means…do we not?



  Yes; we do。



  When he says 〃one;〃 he says something which is known; and secondly



something which is other than all other things; it makes no difference



whether he predicate of one being or not being; for that which is said



〃not to be〃 is known to be something all the same; and is



distinguished from other things。



  Certainly。



  Then I will begin again; and ask: If one is not; what are the



consequences? In the first place; as would appear; there is a



knowledge of it; or the very meaning of the words; 〃if one is not;〃



would not be known。



  True。



  Secondly; the others differ from it; or it could not be described as



different from the others?



  Certainly。



  Difference; then; belongs to it as well as knowledge; for in



speaking of the one as different from the others; we do not speak of a



difference in the others; but in the one。



  Clearly so。



  Moreover; the one that is not is something and partakes of



relation to 〃that;〃 and 〃this;〃 and 〃these;〃 and the like; and is an



attribute of 〃this〃; for the one; or the others than the one; could



not have been spoken of; nor could any attribute or relative of the



one that is not have been or been spoken of; nor could it have been



said to be anything; if it did not partake of 〃some;〃 or of the



other relations just now mentioned。



  True。



  Being; then; cannot be ascribed to the one; since it is not; but the



one that is not may or rather must participate in many things; if it



and nothing else is not; if; however; neither the one nor the one that



is not is supposed not to be; and we are speaking of something of a



different nature; we can predicate nothing of it。 But supposing that



the one that is not and nothing else is not; then it must



participate in the predicate 〃that;〃 and in many others。



  Certainly。



  And it will have unlikeness in relation to the others; for the



others being different from the one will be of a different kind。



  Certainly。



  And are not things of a different kind also other in kind?



  Of course。



  And are not things other in kind unlike?



  They are unlike。



  And if they are unlike the one; that which they are unlike will



clearly be unlike them?



  Clearly so。



  Then the one will have unlikeness in respect of which the others are



unlike it?



  That would seem to be true。



  And if unlikeness to other things is attributed to it; it must



have likeness to itself。



  How so?



  If the one have unlikeness to one; something else must be meant; nor



will the hypothesis relate to one; but it will relate to something



other than one?



  Quite so。



  But that cannot be。



  No。



  Then the one must have likeness to itself?



  It must。



  Again; it is not equal to the others; for if it were equal; then



it would at once be and be like them in virtue of the equality; but if

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