second treatise of government-第8章
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e being the food and raiment which unassisted nature furnishes us with； the other； provisions which our industry and pains prepare for us； which how much they exceed the other in value； when any one hath computed； he will then see how much labour makes the far greatest part of the value of things we enjoy in this world： and the ground which produces the materials； is scarce to be reckoned in； as any； or at most； but a very small part of it； so little； that even amongst us； land that is left wholly to nature； that hath no improvement of pasturage； tillage； or planting； is called； as indeed it is； waste； and we shall find the benefit of it amount to little more than nothing。 This shews how much numbers of men are to be preferred to largeness of dominions； and that the increase of lands； and the right employing of them； is the great art of government： and that prince； who shall be so wise and godlike； as by established laws of liberty to secure protection and encouragement to the honest industry of mankind； against the oppression of power and narrowness of party； will quickly be too hard for his neighbours： but this by the by。 To return to the argument in hand； Sec。 43。 An acre of land； that bears here twenty bushels of wheat； and another in America； which； with the same husbandry； would do the like； are； without doubt； of the same natural intrinsic value： but yet the benefit mankind receives from the one in a year； is worth 5l。 and from the other possibly not worth a penny； if all the profit an Indian received from it were to be valued； and sold here； at least； I may truly say； not one thousandth。 It is labour then which puts the greatest part of value upon land； without which it would scarcely be worth any thing： it is to that we owe the greatest part of all its useful products； for all that the straw； bran； bread； of that acre of wheat； is more worth than the product of an acre of as good land； which lies waste； is all the effect of labour： for it is not barely the plough…man's pains； the reaper's and thresher's toil； and the baker's sweat； is to be counted into the bread we eat； the labour of those who broke the oxen； who digged and wrought the iron and stones； who felled and framed the timber employed about the plough； mill； oven； or any other utensils； which are a vast number； requisite to this corn； from its being feed to be sown to its being made bread； must all be charged on the account of labour； and received as an effect of that： nature and the earth furnished only the almost worthless materials； as in themselves。 It would be a strange catalogue of things； that industry provided and made use of； about every loaf of bread； before it came to our use； if we could trace them； iron； wood； leather； bark； timber； stone； bricks； coals； lime； cloth； dying drugs； pitch； tar； masts； ropes； and all the materials made use of in the ship； that brought any of the commodities made use of by any of the workmen； to any part of the work； all which it would be almost impossible； at least too long； to reckon up。 Sec。 44。 From all which it is evident； that though the things of nature are given in common； yet man； by being master of himself； and proprietor of his own person； and the actions or labour of it； had still in himself the great foundation of property； and that； which made up the great part of what he applied to the support or comfort of his being； when invention and arts had improved the conveniencies of life； was perfectly his own； and did not belong in common to others。 Sec。 45。 Thus labour； in the beginning； gave a right of property； wherever any one was pleased to employ it upon what was common； which remained a long while the far greater part； and is yet more than mankind makes use of。 Men； at first； for the most part； contented themselves with what unassisted nature offered to their necessities： and though afterwards； in some
parts of the world； （where the increase of people and stock； with the use of money； had made land scarce； and so of some value） the several communities settled the bounds of their distinct territories； and by laws within themselves regulated the properties of the private men of their society； and so； by compact and agreement； settled the property which labour and industry began； and the leagues that have been made between several states and kingdoms； either expresly or tacitly disowning all claim and right to the land in the others possession； have； by common consent； given up their pretences to their natural common right； which originally they had to those countries； and so have； by positive agreement； settled a property amongst themselves； in distinct parts and parcels of the earth； yet there are still great tracts of ground to be found； which （the inhabitants thereof not having joined with the rest of mankind； in the consent of the use of their common money） lie waste； and are more than the people who dwell on it do； or can make use of； and so still lie in common； tho' this can scarce happen amongst that part of mankind that have consented to the use of money。 Sec。 46。 The greatest part of things really useful to the life of man； and such as the necessity of subsisting made the first commoners of the world look after； as it cloth the Americans now； are generally things of short duration； such as； if they are not consumed by use； will decay and perish of themselves： gold； silver and diamonds； are things that fancy or agreement hath put the value on； more than real use； and the necessary support of life。 Now of those good things which nature hath provided in common； every one had a right （as hath been said） to as much as he could use； and property in all that he could effect with his labour； all that his industry could extend to； to alter from the state nature had put it in； was his。 He that gathered a hundred bushels of acorns or apples； had thereby a property in them； they were his goods as soon as gathered。 He was only to look； that he used them before they spoiled； else he took more than his share； and robbed others。 And indeed it was a foolish thing； as well as dishonest； to hoard up more than he could make use of。 If he gave away a part to any body else； so that it perished not uselesly in his possession； these he also made use of。 And if he also bartered away plums； that would have rotted in a week； for nuts that would last good for his eating a whole year； he did no injury； he wasted not the common stock； destroyed no part of the portion of goods that belonged to others； so long as nothing perished uselesly in his hands。 Again； if he would give his nuts for a piece of metal； pleased with its colour； or exchange his sheep for shells； or wool for a sparkling pebble or a diamond； and keep those by him all his life he invaded not the right of others； he might heap up as much of these durable things as he pleased； the exceeding of the bounds of his just property not lying in the largeness of his possession； but the perishing of any thing uselesly in it。 Sec。 47。 And thus came in the use of money； some lasting thing that men might keep without spoiling； and that by mutual consent men would take in exchange for the truly useful； but perishable supports of life。 Sec。 48。 And as different degrees of industry were apt to give men possessions in different proportions； so this invention of money gave them the opportunity to continue and enlarge them： for supposing an island； separate from all possible commerce with the rest of the world； wherein there were but an hundred families； but there were sheep； horses and cows； with other useful animals； wholsome fruits； and land enough for corn for a hundred thousand times as many； but nothing in the island； either because of its commonness； or perishableness； fit to supply the place of money； what reason could any one have there to enlarge his possessions beyond the use of his family； and a plentiful supply to its consumption； either in what their own industry
produced； or they could barter for like perishable； useful commodities； with others？ Where there is not some thing； both lasting and scar
