second treatise of government-第7章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
man may be permitted to plough； sow and reap； without being disturbed； upon land he has no other title to； but only his making use of it。 But； on the contrary； the inhabitants think themselves beholden to him； who； by his industry on neglected； and consequently waste land； has increased the stock of corn； which they wanted。 But be this as it will； which I lay no stress on； this I dare boldly affirm； that the same rule of propriety； （viz。） that every man should have as much as he could make use of； would hold still in the world； without straitening any body； since there is land enough in the world to suffice double the inhabitants； had not the invention of money； and the tacit agreement of men to put a value on it； introduced （by consent） larger possessions； and a right to them； which； how it has done； I shall by and by shew more at large。 Sec。 37。 This is certain； that in the beginning； before the desire of having more than man needed had altered the intrinsic value of things； which depends only on their usefulness to the life of man； or had agreed； that a little piece of yellow metal； which would keep without wasting or decay； should be worth a great piece of flesh； or a whole heap of corn； though men had a right to appropriate； by their labour； each one of himself； as much of the things of nature； as he could use： yet this could not be much； nor to the prejudice of others； where the same plenty was still left to those who would use the same industry。 To which let me add； that he who appropriates land to himself by his labour； does not lessen； but increase the common stock of mankind： for the provisions serving to the support of human life； produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land； are （to speak much within compass） ten times more than those which are yielded by an acre of land of an equal richness lying waste in common。 And therefore he that incloses land； and has a greater plenty of the conveniencies of life from ten acres； than he could have from an hundred left to nature； may truly be said to give ninety acres to mankind： for his labour now supplies him with provisions out of ten acres； which were but the product of an hundred lying in common。 I have here rated the improved land very low； in making its product but as ten to one； when it is much nearer an hundred to one： for I ask； whether in the wild woods and uncultivated waste of America； left to nature； without any improvement； tillage or husbandry； a thousand acres yield the needy and wretched inhabitants as many conveniencies of life； as ten acres of equally fertile land do in Devonshire； where they are well cultivated？ Before the appropriation of land； he who gathered as much of the wild fruit； killed； caught； or tamed； as many of the beasts； as he could； he that so imployed his pains about any of the spontaneous products of nature； as any way to alter them from the state which nature put them in； by placing any of his labour on them； did thereby acquire a propriety in them： but if they perished； in his possession； without their due use； if the fruits rotted； or the venison putrified； before he could spend it； he offended against the common law of nature； and was liable to be punished； he invaded his neighbour's share； for he had no right； farther than his use called for any of them； and they might serve to afford him conveniencies of life。 Sec。 38。 The same measures governed the possession of land too： whatsoever he tilled and reaped； laid up and made use of； before it spoiled； that was his peculiar right； whatsoever he enclosed； and could feed； and make use of； the cattle and product was also his。 But if either the grass of his enclosure rotted on the ground； or the fruit of his planting perished without gathering； and laying up； this part of the earth； notwithstanding his enclosure； was still to be looked on as waste； and might be
the possession of any other。 Thus； at the beginning； Cain might take as much ground as he could till； and make it his own land； and yet leave enough to Abel's sheep to feed on； a few acres would serve for both their possessions。 But as families increased； and industry inlarged their stocks； their possessions inlarged with the need of them； but yet it was commonly without any fixed property in the ground they made use of； till they incorporated； settled themselves together； and built cities； and then； by consent； they came in time； to set out the bounds of their distinct territories； and agree on limits between them and their neighbours； and by laws within themselves； settled the properties of those of the same society： for we see； that in that part of the world which was first inhabited； and therefore like to be best peopled； even as low down as Abraham's time； they wandered with their flocks； and their herds； which was their substance； freely up and down； and this Abraham did； in a country where he was a stranger。 Whence it is plain； that at least a great part of the land lay in common； that the inhabitants valued it not； nor claimed property in any more than they made use of。 But when there was not room enough in the same place； for their herds to feed together； they by consent； as Abraham and Lot did； Gen。 xiii。 5。 separated and inlarged their pasture； where it best liked them。 And for the same reason Esau went from his father； and his brother； and planted in mount Seir； Gen。 xxxvi。 6。 Sec。 39。 And thus； without supposing any private dominion； and property in Adam； over all the world； exclusive of all other men； which can no way be proved； nor any one's property be made out from it； but supposing the world given； as it was； to the children of men in common； we see how labour could make men distinct titles to several parcels of it； for their private uses； wherein there could be no doubt of right； no room for quarrel。 Sec。 40。 Nor is it so strange； as perhaps before consideration it may appear； that the property of labour should be able to over…balance the community of land： for it is labour indeed that puts the difference of value on every thing； and let any one consider what the difference is between an acre of land planted with tobacco or sugar； sown with wheat or barley； and an acre of the same land lying in common； without any husbandry upon it； and he will find； that the improvement of labour makes the far greater part of the value。 I think it will be but a very modest computation to say； that of the products of the earth useful to the life of man nine tenths are the effects of labour： nay； if we will rightly estimate things as they come to our use； and cast up the several expences about them； what in them is purely owing to nature； and what to labour； we shall find； that in most of them ninety…nine hundredths are wholly to be put on the account of labour。 Sec。 41。 There cannot be a clearer demonstration of any thing； than several nations of the Americans are of this； who are rich in land； and poor in all the comforts of life； whom nature having furnished as liberally as any other people； with the materials of plenty； i。e。 a fruitful soil； apt to produce in abundance； what might serve for food； raiment； and delight； yet for want of improving it by labour； have not one hundredth part of the conveniencies we enjoy： and a king of a large and fruitful territory there； feeds； lodges； and is clad worse than a day…labourer in England。 Sec。 42。 To make this a little clearer； let us but trace some of the ordinary provisions of life； through their several progresses； before they come to our use； and see how much they receive of their value from human industry。 Bread； wine and cloth； are things of daily use； and great plenty； yet notwithstanding； acorns； water and leaves； or skins； must be our bread； drink and cloathing； did not labour furnish us with
these more useful commodities： for whatever bread is more worth than acorns； wine than water； and cloth or silk； than leaves； skins or moss； that is wholly owing to labour and industry； the one of these being the food and raiment which unassisted nature furnishes us with； the other； provisions which
