second treatise of government-第19章
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ad no reason but to receive him as their king now。 Also （say they） in time past； when Saul was king over us； thou wast he that reddest out and broughtest in Israel； and the Lord said unto thee； Thou shalt feed my people Israel； and thou shalt be a captain over Israel。 Sec。 110。 Thus； whether a family by degrees grew up into a common…wealth； and the fatherly authority being continued on to the elder son； every one in his turn growing up under it； tacitly submitted to it； and the easiness and equality of it not offending any one； every one acquiesced； till time seemed to have confirmed it； and settled a right of succession by prescription： or whether several families； or the descendants of several families； whom chance； neighbourhood； or business brought together； uniting into society； the need of a general； whose conduct might defend them against their enemies in war； and the great confidence the innocence and sincerity of that poor but virtuous age； （such as are almost all those which begin governments； that ever come to last in the world） gave men one of another； made the first beginners of commonwealths generally put the rule into one man's hand； without any other express limitation or restraint； but what the nature of the thing； and the end of government required： which ever of those it was that at first put the rule into the hands of a single person； certain it is no body was intrusted with it but for the public good and safety； and to those ends； in the infancies of commonwealths； those who had it commonly used it。 And unless they had done so； young societies could not have subsisted； without such nursing fathers tender and careful of the public weal； all governments would have sunk under the weakness and infirmities of their infancy； and the prince and the people had soon perished together。 Sec。 111。 But though the golden age （before vain ambition； and amor sceleratus habendi； evil concupiscence； had corrupted men's minds into a mistake of true power and honour） had more virtue； and consequently better governors； as well as less vicious subjects； and there was then no stretching prerogative on the one side； to oppress the people； nor consequently on the other； any dispute about privilege； to lessen or restrain the power of the magistrate； and so no contest betwixt rulers and people about governors or goveernment： yet； when ambition and luxury in future ages* would retain and increase the power； without doing the business for which it was given； and aided by flattery； taught princes to have distinct and separate interests from their people； men found it necessary to examine more carefully the original and rights of government； and to find out ways to restrain the exorbitances； and prevent the abuses of that power； which they having intrusted in another's hands only for their own good； they found was made use of to hurt them。 （*At first； when some certain kind of regiment was once approved； it may be nothing was then farther thought upon for the manner of governing； but all permitted unto their wisdom and discretion which were to rule； till by experience they found this for all parts very inconvenient； so as the thing which they had devised for a remedy； did indeed but increase the sore which it should have cured。 They saw； that to live by one man's will； became the cause of all men's misery。 This constrained them to
come unto laws wherein all men might see their duty before hand； and know the penalties of transgressing them。 Hooker's Eccl。 Pol。 l。 i。 sect。 10。） Sec。 112。 Thus we may see how probable it is； that people that were naturally free； and by their own consent either submitted to the government of their father； or united together out of different families to make a government； should generally put the rule into one man's hands； and chuse to be under the conduct of a single person； without so much as by express conditions limiting or regulating his power； which they thought safe enough in his honesty and prudence； though they never dreamed of monarchy being lure Divino； which we never heard of among mankind； till it was revealed to us by the divinity of this last age； nor ever allowed paternal power to have a right to dominion； or to be the foundation of all government。 And thus much may suffice to shew； that as far as we have any light from history； we have reason to conclude； that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people。 I say peaceful； because I shall have occasion in another place to speak of conquest； which some esteem a way of beginning of governments。 The other objection I find urged against the beginning of polities； in the way I have mentioned； is this； viz。 Sec。 113。 That all men being born under government； some or other； it is impossible any of them should ever be free； and at liberty to unite together； and begin a new one； or ever be able to erect a lawful government。 If this argument be good； I ask； how came so many lawful monarchies into the world？ for if any body； upon this supposition； can shew me any one man in any age of the world free to begin a lawful monarchy； I will be bound to shew him ten other free men at liberty； at the same time to unite and begin a new government under a regal； or any other form； it being demonstration； that if any one； born under the dominion of another； may be so free as to have a right to command others in a new and distinct empire； every one that is born under the dominion of another may be so free too； and may become a ruler； or subject； of a distinct separate government。 And so by this their own principle； either all men； however born； are free； or else there is but one lawful prince； one lawful government in the world。 And then they have nothing to do； but barely to shew us which that is； which when they have done； I doubt not but all mankind will easily agree to pay obedience to him。 Sec。 114。 Though it be a sufficient answer to their objection； to shew that it involves them in the same difficulties that it doth those they use it against； yet I shall endeavour to discover the weakness of this argument a little farther。 All men； say they； are born under government； and therefore they cannot be at liberty to begin a new one。 Every one is born a subject to his father； or his prince； and is therefore under the perpetual tie of subjection and allegiance。 It is plain mankind never owned nor considered any such natural subjection that they were born in； to one or to the other that tied them； without their own consents； to a subjection to them and their heirs。 Sec。 115。 For there are no examples so frequent in history； both sacred and profane； as those of men withdrawing themselves； and their obedience； from the jurisdiction they were born under； and the family or community they were bred up in； and setting up new governments in other places； from whence sprang all that number of petty commonwealths in the beginning of ages； and which always multiplied； as long as there was room enough； till the stronger； or more fortunate； swallowed the weaker； and those great ones again breaking to pieces； dissolved into lesser dominions。 All which are so many testimonies against paternal sovereignty； and plainly prove； that it was not the natural right of the father descending to his heirs； that made governments in the beginning； since it was impossible； upon that ground； there
should have been so many little kingdoms； all must have been but only one universal monarchy； if men had not been at liberty to separate themselves from their families； and the government； be it what it will； that was set up in it； and go and make distinct commonwealths and other governments； as they thought fit。 Sec。 116。 This has been the practice of the world from its first beginning to this day； nor is it now any more hindrance to the freedom of mankind； that they are born under constituted and ancient polities； that have established laws； and set forms of government； than if they were born in the woods； amongst the unconfined inhabitants； that run loose in them： for those
