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第21章

aeroplanes-第21章

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for this purpose it would be convenient to make

the plane E exactly one foot square。



DETERMINING THE PRESSURE FROM THE SPEED。

These two instruments can be made to check each

other and thus pretty accurately enable you to

determine the proper places to mark the pressure

indicator; as well as to make the wheels in the

anemometer the proper size to turn the pointer

in seconds when the wind is blowing at a certain

speed; say ten miles per hour。



Suppose the air pressure indicator has the scale

divided into quarter pound marks。 This will

make it accurate enough for all purposes。



CALCULATING PRESSURES FROM SPEED。The following

table will give the pressures from 5 to 100

miles per hour:



Velocity of wind in Pressure   Velocity of wind in  Pressure

miles per hour     per sq。 ft。  miles per hour     per sq ft

     5              。112             55             15。125

     10             。500             60             18。000

     15             1。125            65             21。125

     20             2。000            70             22。500

     25             3。125            75             28。125

     30             4。600            80             32。000

     35             6。126            86             36。126

     40             8。000            90             40。500

     45             10。125           95             45。125

     50             12。5             100            50。000





HOW THE FIGURES ARE DETERMINED。The foregoing

figures are determined in the following manner:

As an example let us assume that the velocity

of the wind is forty…five miles per hour。 If

this is squared; or 45 multiplied by 45; the product

is 2025。 In many calculations the mathematician

employs what is called a constant; a figure that

never varies; and which is used to multiply or

divide certain factors。



In this case the constant is 5/1000; or; as usually

written; 。005。 This is the same as one two hundredths

of the squared figure。 That would make

the problem as follows:



     45 X 45 = 2025 / 200 = 10。125; or;

     45 X 45 … 2025 X 。005 = 10。125。





Again; twenty…five miles per hour would be

25 X 25 = 625; and this multiplied by 。005 equals

2 pounds pressure。



CONVERTING HOURS INTO MINUTES。It is sometimes

confusing to think of miles per hour; when

you wish to express it in minutes or seconds。 A

simple rule; which is not absolutely accurate; but

is correct within a few feet; in order to express

the speed in feet per minute; is to multiply the

figure indicating the miles per hour; by 8 3/4。



To illustrate: If the wind is moving at the

rate of twenty miles an hour; it will travel in that

time 105;600 feet (5280 X 20)。 As there are sixty

minutes in an hour; 105;600 divided by 60; equals

1760 feet per minute。 Instead of going through

all this process of calculating the speed per minute;

remember to multiply the speed in miles per

hour by 90; which will give 1800 feet。



This is a little more then two per cent。 above

the correct figure。 Again; 40 X 90 equals 3600。

As the correct figure is 3520; a little mental calculation

will enable you to correct the figures so

as to get it within a few feet。



CHANGING SPEED HOURS TO SECONDS。As one…

sixtieth of the speed per minute will represent the

rate of movement per second; it is a comparatively

easy matter to convert the time from speed in

miles per hour to fraction of a mile traveled in

a second; by merely taking one…half of the speed

in miles; and adding it; which will very nearly express

the true number of feet。



As examples; take the following: If the wind

is traveling 20 miles an hour; it is easy to take

one…half of 20; which is 10; and add it to 20; making

30; as the number of feet per second。 If the

wind travels 50 miles per hour; add 25; making

75; as the speed per second。



The correct speed per second of a wind traveling

20 miles an hour is a little over 29 feet。 At

50 miles per hour; the correct figure is 73 1/3 feet;

which show that the figures under this rule are

within about one per cent。 of being correct。



With the table before you it will be an easy

matter; by observing the air pressure indicator;

to determine the proper speed for the anemometer。

Suppose it shows a pressure of two pounds;

which will indicate a speed of twenty miles an

hour。 You have thus a fixed point to start from。



PRESSURE AS THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED。Now

it must not be assumed that if the pressure at

twenty miles an hour is two pounds; that forty

miles an hour it is four pounds。 The pressure

is as the square of the speed。 This may be explained

as follows: As the speed of the wind

increases; it has a more effective push against an

object than its rate of speed indicates; and this

is most simply expressed by saying that each time

the speed is doubled the pressure is four times

greater。



As an example of this; let us take a speed of ten

miles an hour; which means a pressure of one…

half pound。 Double this speed; and we have 20

miles。 Multiplying one…half pound by 4; the result

is 2 pounds。 Again; double 20; which means

40 miles; and multiplying 2 by 4; the result is 8。

Doubling forty is eighty miles an hour; and again

multiplying 8 by 4; we have 32 as the pounds pressure

at a speed of 80 miles an hour。



The anemometer; however; is constant in its

speed。 If the pointer should turn once a second

at 10 miles an hour; it would turn twice at 20 miles

an hour; and four times a second at 40 miles an

hour。



GYROSCOPIC BALANCE。Some advance has been

made in the use of the gyroscope for the purpose

of giving lateral stability to an aeroplane。 While

the best of such devices is at best a makeshift;

it is well to understand the principle on which they

operate; and to get an understanding how they are

applied。



THE PRINCIPLE INVOLVED。The only thing

known about the gyroscope is; that it objects to

changing the plane of its rotation。 This statement

must be taken with some allowance; however;

as; when left free to move; it will change in

one direction。



To explain this without being too technical; examine

Fig。 63; which shows a gyroscopic top; one

end of the rim A; which supports the rotating

wheel B; having a projecting finger C; that is

mounted on a pin…point on the upper end of the

pedestal D。



_Fig。 63。 The Gyroscope。_



When the wheel B is set in rotation it will maintain

itself so that its axis E is horizontal; or at

any other angle that the top is placed in when the

wheel is spun。 If it is set so the axis is horizontal

the wheel B will rotate on a vertical plane;

and it forcibly objects to any attempt to make it

turn except in the direction indicated by the

curved arrows F。



The wheel B will cause the axis E to swing

around on a horizontal plane; and this turning

movement is always in a certain direction in relation

to the turn of the wheel B; and it is obvious;

therefore; that to make a gyroscope that

will not move; or swing around an axis; the placing

of two such wheels side by side; and rotated

in opposite directions; will maintain them in a

fixed position; this can also be accomplished by

so mounting the two that one rotates on a plane

at right angles to the other。



_Fig。 64。 Application of the Gyroscope。_



THE APPLICATION OF THE GYROSCOPE。Without

in any manner showing the structural details of

the device; in its application to a flying machine;

except in so far as it may be necessary to explain

its operation; we refer to Fig。 64; which

assumes that A represents the frame of the aeroplane;

and B a frame for holding the gyroscopic

wheel C; the latter being mounted so it rotates on

a horizontal plane; and the frame B being hinged

fore and aft; so that it is free to swing to the right

or to the left。



For convenience in explaining the action; the

planes E are placed at right

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