±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the life of stephen a. douglas >

µÚ7ÕÂ

the life of stephen a. douglas-µÚ7ÕÂ

С˵£º the life of stephen a. douglas ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ized¡¡domain¡¡and¡¡closed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡graceful¡¡tribute¡¡to¡¡Clay¡¡and¡¡the¡¡prediction¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡be¡¡organized£»¡¡California¡¡admitted¡¡and¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡ended¡¡forever¡£

There¡¡were¡¡three¡¡generically¡¡distinct¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡statesmen¡¡participating¡¡in¡¡this¡¡great¡¡debatethe¡¡aggressive£»¡¡unyielding¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡slavery¡¡was¡¡dearer¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡the¡¡temporizing¡¡politicians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡the¡¡border£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡compromises¡¡and¡¡concessions£»¡¡hoping¡¡to¡¡save¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡by¡¡salving¡¡its¡¡wounds£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡stern¡¡Puritans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North£»¡¡bent¡¡on¡¡rooting¡¡out¡¡the¡¡sins¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nation£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡heavens¡¡fell¡£

The¡¡climax¡¡of¡¡the¡¡debate¡¡was¡¡now¡¡past£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡agitate¡¡Congress¡¡until¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡September¡£¡¡¡¡President¡¡Taylor£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡exerted¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Compromise£»¡¡died¡¡on¡¡July¡¡9th£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡succeeded¡¡by¡¡Fillmore£»¡¡who¡¡at¡¡once¡¡called¡¡Webster¡¡to¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Cabinet¡¡and¡¡turned¡¡the¡¡Executive¡¡influence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡support¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡proved¡¡impossible£»¡¡even¡¡with¡¡his¡¡help£»¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡but¡¡after¡¡it¡¡had¡¡gone¡¡to¡¡wreck¡¡its¡¡fragments¡¡were¡¡gathered¡¡up¡¡and¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡several¡¡bills¡¡which¡¡were¡¡jumbled¡¡together¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Omnibus¡¨¡¡was¡¡passed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡great¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡accomplished¡¡and¡¡the¡¡slavery¡¡question¡¡declared¡¡settled¡¡forever¡£





Chapter¡¡V¡£¡¡¡¡Results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡£




In¡¡1850¡¡Douglas¡¡moved¡¡to¡¡Chicago£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡become¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡city¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£

The¡¡people¡¡were¡¡greatly¡¡exasperated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡City¡¡Council£»¡¡on¡¡October¡¡21st£»¡¡passed¡¡resolutions¡¡harshly¡¡condemning¡¡the¡¡Senators¡¡and¡¡Representatives¡¡from¡¡the¡¡free¡¡States¡¡who¡¡had¡¡supported¡¡it¡¡and¡¡¡¨those¡¡who¡¡basely¡¡sneaked¡¡away¡¡from¡¡their¡¡seats¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡evaded¡¡the¡¡question£»¡¨¡¡classing¡¡them¡¡with¡¡Benedict¡¡Arnold¡¡and¡¡Judas¡¡Iscariot¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡a¡¡personal¡¡challenge¡¡to¡¡Douglas¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡happened¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡absent¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡on¡¡private¡¡business¡¡when¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡was¡¡passed¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡evading¡¡the¡¡question¡¡was¡¡grossly¡¡unjust¡£

On¡¡the¡¡evening¡¡of¡¡the¡¡22nd¡¡a¡¡mass¡¡meeting¡¡was¡¡held¡¡at¡¡the¡¡city¡¡hall£»¡¡attended¡¡by¡¡a¡¡great¡¡concourse¡¡of¡¡angry¡¡citizens£»¡¡who£»¡¡amid¡¡tumultuous¡¡applause£»¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡defy¡¡¡¨death£»¡¡the¡¡dungeon¡¡and¡¡the¡¡grave¡¨¡¡in¡¡resisting¡¡the¡¡hated¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡Douglas¡¡appeared¡¡on¡¡the¡¡platform¡¡and¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡on¡¡the¡¡following¡¡evening¡¡he¡¡would¡¡address¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡defense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡¡and¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡Compromise¡£¡¡The¡¡announcement¡¡was¡¡received¡¡with¡¡a¡¡storm¡¡of¡¡hisses¡¡and¡¡groans¡£

The¡¡next¡¡night¡¡an¡¡enormous¡¡multitude¡¡gathered¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡audience¡¡was¡¡not¡¡only¡¡sullen¡¡but¡¡bitterly¡¡hostile¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡a¡¡contemptuous¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡resolutions¡¡and¡¡a¡¡brief¡¡vindication¡¡of¡¡himself¡¡against¡¡their¡¡insinuations£»¡¡he¡¡plunged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡defense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡insisted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡provision¡¡for¡¡the¡¡return¡¡of¡¡fugitive¡¡slaves¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡act¡¡was¡¡analogous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡provision¡¡of¡¡law¡¡for¡¡the¡¡return¡¡of¡¡fugitives¡¡from¡¡justice£»¡¡and£»¡¡while¡¡abuses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡process¡¡might¡¡occur¡¡and¡¡wrong¡¡occasionally¡¡inflicted£»¡¡that¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inherent¡¡infirmities¡¡of¡¡human¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡same¡¡objection¡¡could¡¡be¡¡urged¡¡with¡¡equal¡¡force¡¡to¡¡all¡¡extradition¡¡statutes¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡free¡¡blacks¡¡might¡¡be¡¡seized¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡South¡¡on¡¡the¡¡false¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡being¡¡fugitives¡¡from¡¡service£»¡¡innocent¡¡white¡¡men¡¡might¡¡also¡¡be¡¡seized¡¡in¡¡Chicago¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡to¡¡California¡¡on¡¡the¡¡false¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡being¡¡fugitives¡¡from¡¡justice¡£

He¡¡reminded¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡1850¡¡was¡¡substantially¡¡a¡¡reenactment¡¡of¡¡that¡¡of¡¡1793£»¡¡passed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary¡¡Fathers£»¡¡the¡¡founders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡and¡¡approved¡¡by¡¡President¡¡Washington¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡did¡¡not¡¡argue£»¡¡but¡¡assumed¡¡the¡¡justice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡law£»¡¡nor¡¡did¡¡he¡¡allude¡¡to¡¡the¡¡increased¡¡ardor¡¡of¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡fleeing¡¡slaves¡¡since¡¡their¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡value¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡rested¡¡his¡¡case¡¡on¡¡the¡¡close¡¡resemblance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡law¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡returning¡¡fugitive¡¡slaves¡¡was¡¡created¡¡not¡¡by¡¡THIS¡¡law£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡real¡¡question¡¡was¡¡not¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡duty£»¡¡but¡¡which¡¡law¡¡performed¡¡it¡¡most¡¡justly¡¡and¡¡efficiently¡£

A¡¡listener¡¡asked¡¡him¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡was¡¡not¡¡in¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡warned¡¡them¡¡of¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡of¡¡that¡¡objection£»¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡difficulty¡¡of¡¡authentically¡¡ascertaining¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡practicable¡¡to¡¡allow¡¡each¡¡citizen¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡it¡¡for¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡Hence£»¡¡certain¡¡fundamental¡¡principles¡¡had¡¡been¡¡established¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Constitution£»¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡assumed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡harmony¡¡with¡¡it¡¡and¡¡from¡¡which¡¡no¡¡appeal¡¡lay¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Constitution¡¡provided¡¡for¡¡the¡¡return¡¡of¡¡fugitive¡¡slaves¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sacred¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡citizenship¡¡bound¡¡them¡¡to¡¡support¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Appeals¡¡to¡¡a¡¡higher¡¡law¡¡were¡¡impracticable¡¡and¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡evasion¡¡of¡¡duty¡£

Read¡¡in¡¡a¡¡the¡¡calmer¡¡light¡¡of¡¡after¡¡years¡¡the¡¡effectiveness¡¡of¡¡this¡¡speech¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡understand¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡literal¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡act¡¡and¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡1793£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡great¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡ethical¡¡views¡¡of¡¡slavery¡¡held¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡1850¡¡and¡¡those¡¡held¡¡in¡¡1793¡¡was¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡measured¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡were¡¡vicious¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡direction¡¡from¡¡the¡¡radical¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡popular¡¡sentiment¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡specially¡¡odious¡¡provision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡law£»¡¡distinguishing¡¡it¡¡from¡¡general¡¡extradition¡¡statutes£»¡¡was¡¡that¡¡forbidding¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡the¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡habeas¡¡corpus¡¡by¡¡the¡¡alleged¡¡fugitive¡¡at¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡seized¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡fugitive¡¡from¡¡justice¡¡in¡¡California¡¡seized¡¡in¡¡Chicago¡¡could£»¡¡on¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡habeas¡¡corpus¡¡issued¡¡by¡¡an¡¡Illinois¡¡court£»¡¡have¡¡it¡¡judicially¡¡determined¡¡before¡¡his¡¡deportation¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡charged¡¡against¡¡him¡¡constituted¡¡a¡¡crime¡¡and¡¡whether¡¡thee¡¡was¡¡probable¡¡cause¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡committed¡¡it¡£

Under¡¡the¡¡new¡¡law¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Commissioner¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡where¡¡the¡¡arrest¡¡was¡¡made¡¡had¡¡no¡¡power¡¡to¡¡inquire¡¡into¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡or¡¡sufficiency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡charge¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡could¡¡only¡¡determine¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡person¡¡arrested¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡the¡¡one¡¡who¡¡had¡¡committed¡¡the¡¡escape£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡decline¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fugitive¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡escape¡¡was¡¡judicially¡¡determined¡¡in¡¡advance£»¡¡ex¡¡parte£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡alleged¡¡fugitive¡¡was¡¡remanded¡¡to¡¡that¡¡State¡¡for¡¡such¡¡further¡¡proceedings¡¡as¡¡its¡¡laws¡¡might¡¡provide¡¡and¡¡¡¨no¡¡process¡¡issued¡¡by¡¡any¡¡Court£»¡¡Judge£»¡¡Magistrate¡¡or¡¡other¡¡person¡¡whomsoever¡¨¡¡could¡¡molest¡¡the¡¡captor¡¡in¡¡bearing¡¡away¡¡his¡¡prize¡£

The¡¡speech¡¡was¡¡adroit£»¡¡clever¡¡and¡¡marvelously¡¡effective¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡strikingly¡¡illustrates¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡times¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡stem¡¡an¡¡irresistible¡¡moral¡¡current¡¡with¡¡ingenious¡¡plausibilities¡¡and¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡precedent¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡treated¡¡the¡¡question¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡political¡¡expediency¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡sounded¡¡no¡¡moral¡¡depths£»¡¡discussed¡¡no¡¡ethical¡¡problem£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡aflame¡¡with¡¡moral¡¡indignation¡¡and¡¡rising¡¡passionately¡¡against¡¡the¡¡ethics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡past¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡mastered¡¡the¡¡audience¡¡by¡¡its¡¡fidelity¡¡to¡¡literal¡¡truth¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡them¡¡home¡¡dazed£»¡¡troubled£»¡¡doubtful¡¡and¡¡ashamed¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speech¡¡resolutions¡¡affirming¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡citizens¡¡to¡¡obey¡¡and¡¡support¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡repudiating¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡Council£»¡¡were¡¡presented¡¡and¡¡unanimously¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡subdued¡¡and¡¡humbled¡¡crowd¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡following¡¡night¡¡the¡¡Council¡¡repealed¡¡their¡¡offensive¡¡resolutions¡£

Meanwhile¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡enjoying¡¡the¡¡fruits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Compromise¡¡and¡¡striving¡¡to¡¡persuade¡¡itself¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡endure¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡people¡¡earnestly¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡slavery¡¡question¡¡was¡¡settled¡¡forever¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡strong¡¡was¡¡the¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡with¡¡it¡¡that£»¡¡but¡¡for¡¡the¡¡restless¡¡ambition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡politicians£»¡¡the¡¡truce¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡protracted¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡Permanent¡¡peace¡¡on¡¡the¡¡preposterous¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡maintaining¡¡on¡¡equipoise¡¡between¡¡active£»¡¡aggressive¡¡and¡¡hostile¡¡forces¡¡was£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡impossible¡£¡¡¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡confidently¡¡expected¡£¡¡¡¡Clay£»¡¡Stephens¡¡and¡¡fifty¡­two¡¡other¡¡Members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡and¡¡House¡¡issued¡¡a¡¡manifesto¡¡in¡¡January£»¡¡1851£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡final¡¡and£»¡¡to¡¡give¡¡their¡¡manifesto¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡solemnity£»¡¡gravely¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡they¡¡would¡¡not¡¡support¡¡anyone¡¡for¡¡office¡¡who¡¡was¡¡not¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡faithfully¡¡upholding¡¡it¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡North¡¡approval¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡general¡¡and¡¡enthusiastic¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡hoped¡¡that¡¡money¡­making¡¡would¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡be¡¡disturbed¡¡by¡¡fanatical¡¡agitation¡¡of¡¡moral¡¡questions¡£

And¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡were¡¡murmurs¡¡of¡¡anger¡¡ag

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ