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itory¡¡for¡¡the¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡slavery£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡had¡¡defeated£»¡¡in¡¡large¡¡part£»¡¡the¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡question¡¡of¡¡slavery¡¡was¡¡settled¡¡by¡¡a¡¡higher¡¡law¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡and¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡not¡¡then¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡territory¡¡whose¡¡status¡¡was¡¡not¡¡already¡¡fixed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡several¡¡States¡¡or¡¡the¡¡decree¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Almighty£»¡¡that£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡irrepealable¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡physical¡¡geography£»¡¡slavery¡¡was¡¡already¡¡excluded¡¡from¡¡California¡¡and¡¡New¡¡Mexico¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¨would¡¡not¡¡take¡¡pains¡¡uselessly¡¡to¡¡reaffirm¡¡an¡¡ordinance¡¡of¡¡Nature£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡reenact¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡He¡¡denounced¡¡the¡¡Abolitionists¡¡and¡¡urged¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡States¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡faithfully¡¡and¡¡energetically¡¡enforcing¡¡the¡¡abhorred¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡£

Seward£»¡¡speaking¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡¡later£»¡¡insisted¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡their¡¡clear¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡California¡¡under¡¡any¡¡Constitution¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡it£»¡¡republican¡¡in¡¡form£»¡¡and¡¡assured¡¡then¡¡that¡¡had¡¡its¡¡Constitution¡¡permitted¡¡slavery¡¡he¡¡would¡¡still¡¡have¡¡deemed¡¡it¡¡his¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡vote¡¡for¡¡its¡¡admission¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡protested¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡¡as¡¡necessarily¡¡nugatory¡¡and¡¡utterly¡¡impossible¡¡of¡¡execution¡¡because¡¡unanimously¡¡condemned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡public¡¡sentiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡answer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡crushing¡¡argument¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡carried¡¡slavery¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡and¡¡that¡¡cheerful¡¡obedience¡¡must¡¡be¡¡yielded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡law£»¡¡he¡¡announced¡¡the¡¡startling¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡HIGHER¡¡LAW¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡their¡¡first¡¡duty¡¡was¡¡due£»¡¡that¡¡slavery¡¡was¡¡a¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡this¡¡HIGHER¡¡LAW¡¡and¡¡hence¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡itself¡¡was¡¡powerless¡¡to¡¡establish¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Territories¡£

On¡¡the¡¡13th¡¡and¡¡14th¡¡Douglas¡¡spoke¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡speech¡¡was¡¡able¡¡and¡¡adroit¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡marred¡¡by¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡party¡­politics¡¡into¡¡a¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡such¡¡gravity¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡always¡¡prone¡¡to¡¡lapse¡¡from¡¡statesmanlike¡¡dignity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡level¡¡of¡¡the¡¡politician¡¡and¡¡viewed¡¡most¡¡matters¡¡primarily¡¡in¡¡their¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡he¡¡transient¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡party¡¡politics¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡undertook¡¡the¡¡ambitious¡¡task¡¡of¡¡replying¡¡to¡¡the¡¡speeches¡¡of¡¡Webster£»¡¡Seward£»¡¡and¡¡Calhoun¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡repelled¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡made¡¡by¡¡Webster¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡Democracy¡¡had¡¡surrendered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡slave¡¡power¡¡in¡¡supporting¡¡the¡¡annexation¡¡of¡¡Texas¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Mexican¡¡War£»¡¡declaring¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡supported¡¡those¡¡measures¡¡from¡¡patriotic¡¡motives£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡¡¨one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡Northern¡¡Democrats¡¡who¡¡supported¡¡annexation¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡zeal¡¡of¡¡his¡¡nature¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¨With¡¡a¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northwestthe¡¡Northwestern¡¡Democracy£»¡¨¡¡sneered¡¡Webster£»¡¡who¡¡contemptuously¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡as¡¡a¡¡crude¡¡blustering¡¡youth¡¡from¡¡the¡¡far¡¡West¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡Webster£»¡¡whose¡¡contempt¡¡for¡¡his¡¡coarse¡¡taste¡¡was¡¡justified£»¡¡had¡¡misjudged¡¡his¡¡resources¡¡and¡¡power¡£

¡¨Yes£»¡¡sir£»¡¨¡¡replied¡¡Douglas£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡glad¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡Senator¡¡say¡¡'With¡¡a¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northwest'£»¡¡I¡¡thank¡¡him¡¡for¡¡the¡¡distinction¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡heard¡¡so¡¡much¡¡talk¡¡about¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡South£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡those¡¡two¡¡sections¡¡were¡¡the¡¡only¡¡ones¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡into¡¡consideration¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡that¡¡I¡¡am¡¡gratified¡¡to¡¡find¡¡that¡¡there¡¡are¡¡those¡¡who¡¡appreciate¡¡the¡¡important¡¡truth¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡power¡¡in¡¡this¡¡Nation£»¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡either¡¡the¡¡North¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Southa¡¡growing£»¡¡increasing£»¡¡swelling¡¡power£»¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡speak¡¡the¡¡law¡¡to¡¡this¡¡Nation¡¡and¡¡to¡¡execute¡¡the¡¡law¡¡as¡¡spoken¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡power¡¡is¡¡the¡¡country¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡great¡¡West£»¡¡the¡¡Valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi£»¡¡one¡¡and¡¡indivisible¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Gulf¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡Lakes£»¡¡stretching¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ones¡¡side¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡to¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ohio¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Missourifrom¡¡the¡¡Alleghenies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Rocky¡¡Mountains¡£

¡¨There£»¡¡sir£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡this¡¡Nation£»¡¡the¡¡resting¡­place¡¡of¡¡the¡¡power¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡control¡¡but¡¡to¡¡save¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡furnish¡¡the¡¡water¡¡that¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡and¡¡we¡¡intend¡¡to¡¡follow£»¡¡navigate¡¡and¡¡use¡¡it¡¡until¡¡it¡¡loses¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡briny¡¡ocean¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡with¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡intend¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡open¡¡and¡¡enjoy¡¡both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡great¡¡outlets¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ocean£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡between¡¡them¡¡we¡¡intend¡¡to¡¡take¡¡under¡¡our¡¡especial¡¡protection¡¡and¡¡keep¡¡and¡¡preserve¡¡as¡¡one¡¡free£»¡¡happy£»¡¡and¡¡united¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡mission¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Mississippi¡¡Valley£»¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡and¡¡soul¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nation¡¡and¡¡the¡¡continent¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡know¡¡the¡¡responsibilities¡¡that¡¡devolve¡¡upon¡¡us£»¡¡and¡¡our¡¡people¡¡will¡¡show¡¡themselves¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡indulge¡¡in¡¡no¡¡ultraism£»¡¡no¡¡sectional¡¡strifes£»¡¡no¡¡crusades¡¡against¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡the¡¡South¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡We¡¡are¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡fulfill¡¡all¡¡our¡¡obligations¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡and¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡and¡¡preserve¡¡it¡¡inviolate¡¡in¡¡its¡¡letter¡¡and¡¡spirit¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡position£»¡¡the¡¡destiny¡¡and¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Northwest¡£¡¨

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He¡¡accused¡¡Seward¡¡of¡¡carrying¡¡New¡¡York¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Whigs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡late¡¡election¡¡by¡¡assuring¡¡them¡¡that¡¡Taylor£»¡¡though¡¡a¡¡slave¡­holder£»¡¡would¡¡approve¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡monstrosity¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Wilmot¡¡proviso£»¡¡excluding¡¡slavery¡¡forever¡¡from¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Territories¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡Taylor¡¡had¡¡ignored¡¡Seward's¡¡promise¡£¡¡¡¡New¡¡York's¡¡vote¡¡had¡¡elected¡¡Taylor¡¡and¡¡a¡¡few¡¡weeks¡¡later¡¡Seward¡¡was¡¡chosen¡¡Senator¡£¡¡¡¡Taylor¡¡was¡¡made¡¡President¡¡and¡¡Seward¡¡Senator¡¡by¡¡the¡¡latter's¡¡successful¡¡fraud¡£

Calhoun's¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡Northern¡¡aggression¡¡and¡¡encroachment¡¡he¡¡met¡¡with¡¡a¡¡sweeping¡¡denial¡£¡¡¡¡Neither¡¡the¡¡North¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡South¡¡as¡¡such¡¡had¡¡any¡¡right¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Territories£»¡¡but¡¡all¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡had¡¡equal¡¡rights¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Ordinance¡¡of¡¡1787£»¡¡denounced¡¡by¡¡Calhoun¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Northern¡¡aggression¡¡on¡¡Southern¡¡rights£»¡¡was¡¡voted¡¡for¡¡by¡¡every¡¡Southern¡¡State¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡Ordinance¡¡did¡¡not£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡exclude¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡slavery£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Northwest¡¡Territory¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡settlers¡¡in¡¡Ohio£»¡¡Indiana¡¡and¡¡Illinois¡¡were¡¡from¡¡the¡¡South¡£¡¡¡¡Slavery¡¡had¡¡actually¡¡existed¡¡in¡¡Indiana¡¡and¡¡Illinois¡¡and¡¡had¡¡but¡¡recently¡¡disappeared¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡not¡¡an¡¡act¡¡of¡¡Northern¡¡aggression£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡passed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡united¡¡South¡¡which¡¡had¡¡made¡¡repeated¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡extend¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡exclusion¡¡of¡¡slavery¡¡from¡¡Oregon¡¡was¡¡not¡¡an¡¡act¡¡of¡¡Northern¡¡aggression£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡settlers¡¡during¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡joint¡¡occupancy¡¡under¡¡the¡¡treaty¡¡with¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡and¡¡should¡¡be¡¡accepted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡anti¡­slavery¡¡agitators¡¡as¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡sovereignty¡£¡¡¡¡the¡¡objection¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡were¡¡forbidden¡¡to¡¡emigrate¡¡with¡¡their¡¡property¡¡to¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Territories¡¡was¡¡simply¡¡a¡¡complaint¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡carry¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡their¡¡States¡¡with¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡must¡¡be¡¡governed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡their¡¡new¡¡domicile¡£¡¡¡¡Calhoun's¡¡project¡¡of¡¡maintaining¡¡an¡¡equilibrium¡¡between¡¡free¡¡and¡¡slave¡¡States¡¡or¡¡of¡¡compelling¡¡States¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡or¡¡retain¡¡slavery¡¡against¡¡their¡¡will¡¡was¡¡impossible¡£

At¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡twelve¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thirteen¡¡States¡¡had¡¡slavery¡£¡¡¡¡but¡¡six¡¡of¡¡them¡¡voluntarily¡¡abolished¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Delaware£»¡¡Maryland£»¡¡Missouri£»¡¡Kentucky£»¡¡North¡¡Carolina£»¡¡and¡¡Tennessee¡¡would¡¡yet¡¡adopt¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡gradual¡¡emancipation¡£¡¡¡¡Seventeen¡¡free¡¡States¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡be¡¡formed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡£¡¡¡¡Where¡¡would¡¡they¡¡find¡¡slave¡¡territory¡¡with¡¡which¡¡to¡¡balance¡¡these¡¡States£¿¡¡¡¡If¡¡Texas¡¡were¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡five¡¡States£»¡¡three¡¡of¡¡them¡¡would¡¡be¡¡free¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡Mexico¡¡were¡¡annexed£»¡¡twenty¡¡of¡¡her¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡States¡¡would¡¡be¡¡free¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ordinance¡¡of¡¡Nature¡¡or¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡urged¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡promptly¡¡providing¡¡governments¡¡for¡¡the¡¡unorganized¡¡domain¡¡and¡¡closed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡graceful¡¡tribute¡¡to¡¡Clay¡¡and¡¡the¡¡prediction¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡would

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