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of¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡regulate¡¡the¡¡domestic¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡was¡¡doubted¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Committee¡¡declined¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡the¡¡question¡¡which¡¡was¡¡so¡¡fiercely¡¡contested¡¡in¡¡1850¡£¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡then¡¡refrained¡¡from¡¡deciding¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Committee¡¡followed¡¡that¡¡precedent¡¡by¡¡neither¡¡affirming¡¡nor¡¡repealing¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise£»¡¡nor¡¡expressing¡¡any¡¡opinion¡¡as¡¡to¡¡its¡¡validity¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡intimated¡¡that¡¡in¡¡1850¡¡Congress¡¡already¡¡doubted¡¡its¡¡constitutionality¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡now¡¡doomed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡inventive¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡now¡¡applied¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡shifting¡¡the¡¡odium¡¡of¡¡its¡¡repeal¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡previous¡¡Congress¡£

While¡¡this¡¡bill¡¡was¡¡pending¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡Douglas¡¡was¡¡anxiously¡¡scanning¡¡the¡¡field¡¡to¡¡ascertain¡¡what¡¡effect¡¡it¡¡was¡¡producing¡¡among¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡South¡¡was¡¡not¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡duped¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡in¡¡force¡¡that¡¡alone¡¡excluded¡¡slavery£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡advantage¡¡could¡¡accrue¡¡from¡¡organizing¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Territory¡¡without¡¡mention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡did¡¡not¡¡care¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡proving¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡1820¡¡invalid¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡it¡¡be¡¡repealed¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡explicitly¡¡repealing¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡declare¡¡inviolably¡¡sacred£»¡¡appalled¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡dreaded¡¡its¡¡effect¡¡in¡¡Illinois¡¡and¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡Puritanical¡¡North£»¡¡where¡¡moral¡¡ideas¡¡were¡¡annoyingly¡¡obtrusive¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡South£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡demanding¡¡the¡¡repeal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Compromise£»¡¡would¡¡surely¡¡welcome¡¡it¡¡with¡¡joy¡¡and¡¡gratitude¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡of¡¡expediency¡¡was¡¡a¡¡hard¡¡one¡£

The¡¡bill£»¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡sections£»¡¡was¡¡printed¡¡on¡¡January¡¡2d¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Washington¡¡Sentinel¡£¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡10th¡¡of¡¡January£»¡¡it¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡paper¡¡with¡¡another¡¡section¡¡added¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡new¡¡section¡¡provided¡¡that¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡slavery¡¡during¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡period¡¡should¡¡be¡¡left¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡that¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡¡should¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡in¡¡all¡¡cases¡¡involving¡¡title¡¡to¡¡slaves¡¡or¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡freedom£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Fugitive¡¡Slave¡¡Law¡¡should¡¡be¡¡executed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡remarkable¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡and¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡was¡¡explained¡¡as¡¡resulting¡¡from¡¡an¡¡error¡¡of¡¡the¡¡copyist£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡omitted¡¡this¡¡vital¡¡section¡¡from¡¡it¡¡as¡¡originally¡¡printed¡£

On¡¡the¡¡16th¡¡of¡¡January¡¡Senator¡¡Dixon¡¡of¡¡Kentucky¡¡offered¡¡an¡¡amendment¡¡repealing¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡next¡¡day¡¡Sumner¡¡gave¡¡notice¡¡of¡¡an¡¡amendment¡¡affirming¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡question¡¡could¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡be¡¡dodged¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡Dixon's¡¡amendment¡¡was¡¡offered£»¡¡Douglas£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡greatly¡¡annoyed¡¡by¡¡it£»¡¡went¡¡to¡¡his¡¡seat¡¡and¡¡implored¡¡him¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡he¡¡refused¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡Dixon¡¡and¡¡took¡¡him¡¡for¡¡a¡¡drive¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡talked¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nebraska¡¡bill¡¡and¡¡the¡¡amendment¡£¡¡The¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conference¡¡was¡¡that¡¡Douglas¡¡said¡¡to¡¡him£º¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡become¡¡perfectly¡¡satisfied¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡my¡¡duty¡¡as¡¡a¡¡fair¡¡minded¡¡national¡¡statesman£»¡¡to¡¡cooperate¡¡with¡¡you¡¡as¡¡proposed¡¡in¡¡securing¡¡the¡¡repeal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡restriction¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡heretofore¡¡palpably¡¡infracted£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡that¡¡character¡¡for¡¡consistency¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡heretofore¡¡labored¡¡to¡¡maintain¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡repeal¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡much¡¡stir¡¡and¡¡commotion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡free¡¡States¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡for¡¡a¡¡season¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡assailed¡¡by¡¡demagogues¡¡and¡¡fanatics¡¡there¡¡without¡¡stint¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡Every¡¡opprobrious¡¡epithet¡¡will¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡me¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡probably¡¡be¡¡hung¡¡in¡¡effigy¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡I¡¡may¡¡become¡¡permanently¡¡odious¡¡among¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡friendship¡¡and¡¡esteem¡¡I¡¡have¡¡heretofore¡¡possessed¡£¡¡This¡¡proceeding¡¡may¡¡end¡¡my¡¡political¡¡career¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡acting¡¡under¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡duty¡¡which¡¡animates¡¡me£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡sacrifice¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡will¡¡do¡¡it¡£¡¨

The¡¡bluff¡¡Kentuckian¡¡was¡¡much¡¡affected£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡deep¡¡emotion¡¡exclaimed£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Sir£»¡¡I¡¡once¡¡recognized¡¡you¡¡as¡¡a¡¡demagogue£»¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡party¡¡manager£»¡¡selfish¡¡and¡¡intriguing¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡now¡¡find¡¡you¡¡a¡¡warm¡¡hearted¡¡and¡¡sterling¡¡patriot¡£¡¡¡¡Go¡¡forward¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pathway¡¡of¡¡duty¡¡as¡¡you¡¡propose£»¡¡and£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡world¡¡desert¡¡you£»¡¡I¡¡never¡¡will¡£¡¨

He¡¡had¡¡now¡¡decided¡¡on¡¡his¡¡course¡£¡¡¡¡Cass£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡forestalled¡¡by¡¡his¡¡alert¡¡rival£»¡¡was¡¡understood¡¡to¡¡be¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡step¡¡into¡¡the¡¡breach¡¡if¡¡Douglas¡¡faltered¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡on¡¡perilous¡¡heights¡¡where¡¡a¡¡false¡¡step¡¡would¡¡be¡¡fatal¡£¡¡¡¡Already¡¡a¡¡storm¡¡of¡¡opposition¡¡was¡¡brewing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡surely¡¡break¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡with¡¡fury¡¡if¡¡he¡¡proposed¡¡the¡¡repeal¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡might¡¡fail¡¡in¡¡the¡¡House¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡leave¡¡him¡¡with¡¡both¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡South¡¡angrily¡¡condemning¡¡him£»the¡¡South¡¡for¡¡his¡¡rashness¡¡and¡¡the¡¡North¡¡for¡¡his¡¡treachery¡£¡¡¡¡Pierce¡¡was¡¡known¡¡to¡¡be¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡express¡¡repeal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Compromise¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡Sunday£»¡¡January¡¡22d£»¡¡Douglas¡¡called¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡Jefferson¡¡Davis£»¡¡explained¡¡the¡¡proposed¡¡change¡¡and¡¡sought¡¡the¡¡help¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Administration¡¡in¡¡passing¡¡the¡¡bill¡£¡¡¡¡Davis¡¡was¡¡overjoyed¡¡and¡¡at¡¡once¡¡accompanied¡¡him¡¡to¡¡the¡¡White¡¡House¡£¡¡¡¡Pierce¡¡received¡¡his¡¡distinguished¡¡visitors£»¡¡discussed¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡with¡¡them¡¡and¡¡promised¡¡his¡¡help¡£

The¡¡next¡¡morning¡¡Douglas¡¡offered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡a¡¡substitute¡¡for¡¡the¡¡original¡¡Nebraska¡¡bill£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡two¡¡radical¡¡changes¡¡appeared¡£¡¡The¡¡new¡¡bill¡¡divided¡¡the¡¡proposed¡¡Territory£»¡¡calling¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡part¡¡Kansas¡¡and¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡part¡¡Nebraska£»¡¡and¡¡declared¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡superseded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡legislation¡¡of¡¡1850¡¡and¡¡now¡¡inoperative¡£

On¡¡the¡¡next¡¡day¡¡appeared¡¡the¡¡¡¨Appeal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Independent¡¡Democrats¡¡in¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡the¡¡People¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡The¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡written¡¡by¡¡Chase¡¡and¡¡corrected¡¡by¡¡Sumner¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡denounced¡¡the¡¡original¡¡Kansas¡­Nebraska¡¡bill¡¡as¡¡a¡¡gross¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sacred¡¡pledge£»¡¡a¡¡criminal¡¡betrayal¡¡of¡¡precious¡¡rights£»¡¡part¡¡of¡¡an¡¡atrocious¡¡plot¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡free¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡convert¡¡the¡¡Territory¡¡into¡¡a¡¡dreary¡¡region¡¡of¡¡despotism¡¡inhabited¡¡by¡¡masters¡¡and¡¡slaves£»¡¡a¡¡bold¡¡scheme¡¡against¡¡American¡¡liberty£»¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡an¡¡accomplished¡¡architect¡¡of¡¡ruin¡£¡¡It¡¡declared¡¡in¡¡a¡¡postscript£»¡¡written¡¡after¡¡the¡¡substitute¡¡bill¡¡was¡¡offered¡¡by¡¡Douglas¡¡on¡¡January¡¡23d£»¡¡that¡¡not¡¡a¡¡man¡¡in¡¡Congress¡¡or¡¡out¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡not¡¡even¡¡Douglas¡¡himself£»¡¡pretended¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡their¡¡passage¡¡that¡¡the¡¡measures¡¡of¡¡1850¡¡would¡¡repeal¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Will¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¨¡¡it¡¡asked£»¡¡¡¨permit¡¡their¡¡dearest¡¡interests¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thus¡¡made¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡hazards¡¡of¡¡a¡¡presidential¡¡game¡¡and¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡false¡¡facts¡¡and¡¡false¡¡inferences£¿¡¨

The¡¡Appeal£»¡¡which¡¡£¨except¡¡the¡¡postscript£©¡¡was¡¡written¡¡before¡¡the¡¡substitute¡¡was¡¡offered£»¡¡was¡¡published¡¡in¡¡many¡¡papers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡produced¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡sensation¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡30th¡¡Douglas¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡Chamber¡¡angry¡¡and¡¡excited¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡already¡¡begun¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡distant¡¡mutterings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡storm¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡opened¡¡the¡¡debate¡¡on¡¡his¡¡substituted¡¡bill£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡smarting¡¡under¡¡the¡¡cruel¡¡lash¡¡and£»¡¡before¡¡beginning¡¡his¡¡argument£»¡¡poured¡¡out¡¡his¡¡rage¡¡on¡¡the¡¡authors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Appeal¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡accused¡¡Chase¡¡of¡¡treacherously¡¡procuring¡¡a¡¡postponement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡for¡¡a¡¡week¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡circulate¡¡their¡¡libel¡¡upon¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡Chase¡¡interrupted¡¡him¡¡with¡¡angry¡¡emphasis¡£¡¡¡¡Douglas¡¡waxed¡¡furious¡¡and¡¡poured¡¡out¡¡his¡¡¡¨senatorial¡¡billingsgate¡¨¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡offenders¡£¡¡¡¡Yet£»¡¡amidst¡¡his¡¡wrath£»¡¡he¡¡kept¡¡his¡¡head¡¡and¡¡made¡¡a¡¡keen¡¡and¡¡ingenious¡¡defense¡¡of¡¡his¡¡course¡£

The¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡his¡¡argument¡¡was¡¡the¡¡proposition£»¡¡assumed¡¡though¡¡no¡¡where¡¡stated£»¡¡that¡¡while¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡were¡¡specific¡¡and¡¡enacted¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡particular¡¡demands£»¡¡the¡¡PRINCIPLE¡¡embodied¡¡in¡¡each¡¡law¡¡was¡¡general£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡philosophic¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡any¡¡law¡¡was¡¡repugnant¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡any¡¡prior¡¡law£»¡¡however¡¡foreign¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other¡¡the¡¡subjects¡¡might¡¡be£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡must¡¡be¡¡held¡¡to¡¡repeal¡¡the¡¡former¡¡by¡¡implication£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legislation¡¡of¡¡1850¡¡was¡¡repugnant¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡and¡¡hence¡¡repealed¡¡it¡£

Chase¡¡at¡¡once¡¡replied¡¡briefly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fiery¡¡attack£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡February¡¡3d¡¡delivered¡¡an¡¡elaborate¡¡speech¡¡against¡¡the¡¡bill£»¡¡which¡¡Douglas¡¡recognized¡¡as¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡session¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡argument¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡and¡¡crushing¡¡answer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡quibbling¡¡sophistry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advocates¡¡of¡¡implied¡¡repeal¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡argument¡¡of¡¡a¡¡great¡¡lawyer¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡earnest¡¡remonstrance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡moralist¡¡who¡¡believed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡and¡¡immeasurable¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡right¡¡and¡¡wrong¡£

He¡¡reminded¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Southern¡¡measure£»¡¡approved¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Southern¡¡President£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡advice¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Southern¡¡Cabinet¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡in¡¡form¡¡a¡¡law£»¡¡it¡¡had¡¡all¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡obligation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡solemn¡¡contract¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡considerations¡¡for¡¡the¡¡perpetual¡¡exclusion¡¡of¡¡slavery¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡north¡¡of¡¡36¡¡degrees¡¡and¡¡3

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