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certain irony in the fate which decreed that China's most 

illustrious man of peace should be contemporary with her greatest 

writer on war。





The Text of Sun Tzu







     I have found it difficult to glean much about the history of 

Sun Tzu's text。  The quotations that occur in early authors go to 

show that the 〃13 chapters〃 of which Ssu…ma Ch‘ien speaks were 

essentially the same as those now extant。  We have his word for 

it that they were widely circulated in his day;  and can only 

regret that he refrained from discussing them on that account。  

Sun Hsing…yen says in his preface: 



       During the Ch‘in and Han dynasties Sun Tzu's ART OF WAR 

  was in general use amongst military commanders; but they seem 

  to have treated it as a work of mysterious import; and were 

  unwilling to expound it for the benefit of posterity。  Thus 

  it came about that Wei Wu was the first to write a commentary 

  on it。



     As we have already seen; there is no reasonable ground to 

suppose that Ts‘ao Kung tampered with the text。  But the text 

itself is often so obscure; and the number of editions which 

appeared from that time onward so great; especially during the 

T‘ang and Sung dynasties; that it would be surprising if numerous 

corruptions had not managed to creep in。  Towards the middle of 

the Sung period; by which time all the chief commentaries on Sun 

Tzu were in existence; a certain Chi T‘ien…pao published a work 

in 15 CHUAN entitled 〃Sun Tzu with the collected commentaries of 

ten writers。〃  There was another text; with variant readings put 

forward by Chu Fu of Ta…hsing; which also had supporters among 

the scholars of that period; but in the Ming editions; Sun Hsing…

yen tells us; these readings were for some reason or other no 

longer put into circulation。  Thus; until the end of the 18th 

century; the text in sole possession of the field was one derived 

from Chi T‘ien…pao's edition; although no actual copy of that 

important work was known to have survived。  That; therefore;  is 

the text of Sun Tzu which appears in the War section of the great 

Imperial encyclopedia printed in 1726; the KU CHIN T‘U SHU CHI 

CH‘ENG。  Another copy at my disposal of what is practically the 

same text;  with slight variations; is that contained in the 

〃Eleven philosophers of the Chou and Ch‘in dynasties〃  '1758'。  

And the Chinese printed in Capt。 Calthrop's first edition is 

evidently a similar version which has filtered through Japanese 

channels。  So things remained until Sun Hsing…yen '1752…1818';  a 

distinguished antiquarian and classical scholar; who claimed to 

be an actual descendant of Sun Wu; '36' accidentally discovered a 

copy of Chi T‘ien…pao's long…lost work; when on a visit to the 

library of the Hua…yin temple。 '37'  Appended to it was the I 

SHUO of Cheng Yu…Hsien; mentioned in the T‘UNG CHIH;  and also 

believed to have perished。  This is what Sun Hsing…yen designates 

as the 〃original edition (or text)〃  a rather misleading name; 

for it cannot by any means claim to set before us the text of Sun 

Tzu in its pristine purity。  Chi T‘ien…pao was a careless 

compiler;  and appears to have been content to reproduce the 

somewhat debased version current in his day; without troubling to 

collate   it   with the earliest   editions   then   available。  

Fortunately;  two versions of Sun Tzu; even older than the newly 

discovered work; were still extant; one buried in the T‘UNG TIEN; 

Tu Yu's great treatise on the Constitution; the other similarly 

enshrined in the T‘AI P‘ING YU LAN encyclopedia。  In both the 

complete text is to be found; though split up into fragments; 

intermixed with other matter; and scattered piecemeal over a 

number of different sections。  Considering that the YU LAN takes 

us back to the year 983; and the T‘UNG TIEN about 200 years 

further still; to the middle of the T‘ang dynasty; the value of 

these early transcripts of Sun Tzu can hardly be overestimated。  

Yet the idea of utilizing them does not seem to have occurred to 

anyone until Sun Hsing…yen; acting under Government instructions; 

undertook a thorough recension of the text。  This is his own 

account: 



       Because of the numerous mistakes in the text of Sun Tzu 

  which his editors had handed down; the Government ordered 

  that the ancient edition 'of Chi T‘ien…pao' should be used; 

  and that the text should be revised and corrected throughout。  

  It happened that Wu Nien…hu; the Governor Pi Kua; and Hsi;  a 

  graduate of the second degree; had all devoted themselves to 

  this study; probably surpassing me therein。  Accordingly;  I 

  have had the whole work cut on blocks as a textbook for 

  military men。



     The three individuals here referred to had evidently been 

occupied on the text of Sun Tzu prior to Sun Hsing…yen's 

commission;  but we are left in doubt as to the work they really 

accomplished。  At any rate; the new edition;  when ultimately 

produced; appeared in the names of Sun Hsing…yen and only one co…

editor Wu Jen…shi。  They took the 〃original edition〃  as their 

basis; and by careful comparison with older versions; as well as 

the extant commentaries and other sources of information such as 

the I SHUO;  succeeded in restoring a very large number of 

doubtful passages;  and turned out; on the whole; what must be 

accepted as the closes approximation we are ever likely to get to 

Sun Tzu's original work。  This is what will hereafter be 

denominated the 〃standard text。〃

     The copy which I have used belongs to a reissue dated 1877。  

it is in 6 PEN; forming part of a well…printed set of 23 early 

philosophical works in 83 PEN。 '38'  It opens with a preface by 

Sun Hsing…yen (largely quoted in this introduction);  vindicating 

the traditional view of Sun Tzu's life and performances;  and 

summing up in remarkably concise fashion the evidence in its 

favor。  This is followed by Ts‘ao Kung's preface to his edition; 

and the biography of Sun Tzu from the SHIH CHI; both translated 

above。  Then come; firstly; Cheng Yu…hsien's I SHUO;  '39'  with 

author's preface; and next; a short miscellany of historical and 

bibliographical information entitled SUN TZU HSU LU; compiled by 

Pi I…hsun。  As regards the body of the work;  each separate 

sentence is followed by a note on the text; if required; and then 

by the various commentaries appertaining to it;  arranged in 

chronological order。  These we shall now proceed to discuss 

briefly; one by one。





The Commentators







     Sun Tzu can boast an exceptionally long distinguished roll 

of commentators; which would do honor to any classic。  Ou…yang 

Hsiu remarks on this fact; though he wrote before the tale was 

complete;  and rather ingeniously explains it by saying that the 

artifices   of war;  being inexhaustible;  must therefore   be 

susceptible of treatment in a great variety of ways。



     1。  TS‘AO TS‘AO or Ts‘ao Kung; afterwards known as Wei Wu Ti 

'A。D。  155…220'。  There is hardly any room for doubt that the 

earliest commentary on Sun Tzu actually came from the pen of this 

extraordinary man; whose biography in the SAN KUO CHIH reads like 

a romance。  One of the greatest military geniuses that the world 

has seen; and Napoleonic in the scale of his operations; he was 

especially famed for the marvelous rapidity of his marches; which 

has found expression in the line 〃Talk of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao; and Ts‘ao 

Ts‘ao will appear。〃  Ou…yang Hsiu says of him that he was a great 

captain who 〃measured his strength against Tung Cho; Lu Pu and 

the two Yuan; father and son; and vanquished them all;  whereupon 

he divided the Empire of Han with Wu and Shu; and made himself 

king。  It is recorded that whenever a council of war was held by 

Wei on the eve of a far…reaching campaign;  he had all his 

calculations ready; those generals who made use of them did not 

lose on

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