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第40章

art of war-第40章

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(ss。 21 sqq。)。  Ho Shih notes three occasions on which converted 

spies were used with conspicuous success:  (1) by T‘ien Tan in 

his defense of Chi…mo (see supra; p。 90); (2) by Chao She on his 

march to O…yu (see p。 57); and by the wily Fan Chu in 260 B。C。; 

when Lien P‘o was conducting a defensive campaign against Ch‘in。  

The King of Chao strongly disapproved of Lien P‘o's cautious and 

dilatory methods;  which had been unable to avert a series of 

minor disasters; and therefore lent a ready ear to the reports of 

his spies;  who had secretly gone over to the enemy and were 

already in Fan Chu's pay。  They said:  〃The only thing which 

causes Ch‘in anxiety is lest Chao Kua should be made general。  

Lien P‘o they consider an easy opponent; who is sure to be 

vanquished in the long run。〃  Now this Chao Kua was a sun of the 

famous Chao She。  From his boyhood; he had been wholly engrossed 

in the study of war and military matters; until at last he came 

to believe that there was no commander in the whole Empire who 

could stand against him。  His father was much disquieted by this 

overweening conceit;  and the flippancy with which he spoke of 

such a serious thing as war; and solemnly declared that if ever 

Kua was appointed general; he would bring ruin on the armies of 

Chao。  This was the man who; in spite of earnest protests from 

his own mother and the veteran statesman Lin Hsiang…ju; was now 

sent to succeed Lien P‘o。  Needless to say; he proved no match 

for the redoubtable Po Ch‘i and the great military power of 

Ch‘in。  He fell into a trap by which his army was divided into 

two and his communications cut; and after a desperate resistance 

lasting 46 days; during which the famished soldiers devoured one 

another; he was himself killed by an arrow; and his whole force; 

amounting;  it is said; to 400;000 men; ruthlessly put to the 

sword。'



     12。  Having DOOMED SPIES; doing certain things openly for 

purposes of deception; and allowing our spies to know of them and 

report them to the enemy。



     'Tu Yu gives the best exposition of the meaning:   〃We 

ostentatiously do thing calculated to deceive our own spies;  who 

must be led to believe that they have been unwittingly disclosed。  

Then;  when these spies are captured in the enemy's lines;  they 

will make an entirely false report; and the enemy will take 

measures accordingly;  only to find that we do something quite 

different。  The spies will thereupon be put to death。〃   As an 

example of doomed spies; Ho Shih mentions the prisoners released 

by Pan Ch‘ao in his campaign against Yarkand。  (See p。 132。)   He 

also refers to T‘ang Chien; who in 630 A。D。 was sent by T‘ai 

Tsung to lull the Turkish Kahn Chieh…li into fancied security; 

until Li Ching was able to deliver a crushing blow against him。  

Chang Yu says that the Turks revenged themselves by killing T‘ang 

Chien; but this is a mistake; for we read in both the old and the 

New   T‘ang History  (ch。  58;  fol。  2 and ch。  89;  fol。  8 

respectively)  that he escaped and lived on until 656。  Li I…chi 

played a somewhat similar part in 203 B。C。; when sent by the King 

of Han to open peaceful negotiations with Ch‘i。  He has certainly 

more claim to be described a 〃doomed spy〃; for the king of Ch‘i; 

being subsequently attacked without warning by Han Hsin;  and 

infuriated by what he considered the treachery of Li I…chi; 

ordered the unfortunate envoy to be boiled alive。'



     13。  SURVIVING SPIES; finally; are those who bring back news 

from the enemy's camp。



     'This is the ordinary class of spies; properly so called; 

forming a regular part of the army。  Tu Mu says:  〃Your surviving 

spy must be a man of keen intellect; though in outward appearance 

a fool; of shabby exterior; but with a will of iron。  He must be 

active;  robust;  endowed with physical strength and courage; 

thoroughly accustomed to all sorts of dirty work; able to endure 

hunger and cold; and to put up with shame and ignominy。〃  Ho Shih 

tells the following story of Ta‘hsi Wu of the Sui dynasty:  〃When 

he was governor of Eastern Ch‘in; Shen…wu of Ch‘i made a hostile 

movement upon Sha…yuan。  The Emperor T‘ai Tsu '? Kao Tsu'  sent 

Ta…hsi Wu to spy upon the enemy。  He was accompanied by two other 

men。  All three were on horseback and wore the enemy's uniform。  

When it was dark; they dismounted a few hundred feet away from 

the enemy's camp and stealthily crept up to listen;  until they 

succeeded in catching the passwords used in the army。  Then they 

got on their horses again and boldly passed through the camp 

under the guise of night…watchmen; and more than once;  happening 

to come across a soldier who was committing some breach of 

discipline;  they actually stopped to give the culprit a sound 

cudgeling!  Thus they managed to return with the fullest possible 

information about the enemy's dispositions; and received warm 

commendation from the Emperor; who in consequence of their report 

was able to inflict a severe defeat on his adversary。〃'



     14。  Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more 

intimate relations to be maintained than with spies。



     'Tu Mu and Mei Yao…ch‘en point out that the spy is 

privileged to enter even the general's private sleeping…tent。'



None should be more liberally rewarded。  In no other business 

should greater secrecy be preserved。



     'Tu Mu gives a graphic touch:  all communication with spies 

should be carried 〃mouth…to…ear。〃  The following remarks on spies 

may be quoted from Turenne; who made perhaps larger use of them 

than any previous commander:  〃Spies are attached to those who 

give them most;  he who pays them ill is never served。  They 

should never be known to anybody; nor should they know one 

another。  When they propose anything very material; secure their 

persons;  or have in your possession their wives and children as 

hostages for their fidelity。  Never communicate anything to them 

but what is absolutely necessary that they should know。 '2' '



     15。  Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain 

intuitive sagacity。



     'Mei Yao…ch‘en says:  〃In order to use them; one must know 

fact from falsehood; and be able to discriminate between honesty 

and double…dealing。〃   Wang Hsi in a different interpretation 

thinks more along the lines of  〃intuitive perception〃  and 

〃practical   intelligence。〃    Tu Mu strangely   refers   these 

attributes to the spies themselves:  〃Before using spies we must 

assure ourselves as to their integrity of character and the 

extent of their experience and skill。〃  But he continues:   〃A 

brazen face and a crafty disposition are more dangerous than 

mountains or rivers; it takes a man of genius to penetrate such。〃  

So that we are left in some doubt as to his real opinion on the 

passage。〃'



     16。  They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and 

straightforwardness。



     'Chang   Yu says:   〃When you have attracted   them   by 

substantial offers; you must treat them with absolute sincerity; 

then they will work for you with all their might。〃'



     17。  Without subtle ingenuity of mind;  one cannot make 

certain of the truth of their reports。



     'Mei Yao…ch‘en says:   〃Be on your guard against   the 

possibility of spies going over to the service of the enemy。〃'



     18。  Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind 

of business。



     'Cf。 VI。 ss。 9。'



     19。  If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before 

the time is ripe; he must be put to death together with the man 

to whom the secret was told。



     'Word for word; the translation here is:  〃If spy matters 

are heard before 'our plans' are carried out;〃 etc。  Sun Tzu's 

main point in this passage is:  Whereas you kill the spy himself 

〃as a punishment for letting out the secret;〃  the object of 

kill

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