art of war-第31章
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these rapidly moving lights so alarmed and discomfited the Romans
that they withdrew from their position; and Hannibal's army
passed safely through the defile。 'See Polybius; III。 93; 94;
Livy; XXII。 16 17。'
On desperate ground; fight。
'For; as Chia Lin remarks: 〃if you fight with all your
might; there is a chance of life; where as death is certain if
you cling to your corner。〃'
15。 Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how
to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
'More literally; 〃cause the front and rear to lose touch
with each other。〃'
to prevent co…operation between his large and small divisions; to
hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad; the officers from
rallying their men。
16。 When the enemy's men were united; they managed to keep
them in disorder。
17。 When it was to their advantage; they made a forward
move; when otherwise; they stopped still。
'Mei Yao…ch‘en connects this with the foregoing: 〃Having
succeeded in thus dislocating the enemy; they would push forward
in order to secure any advantage to be gained; if there was no
advantage to be gained; they would remain where they were。〃'
18。 If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in
orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack; I
should say: 〃Begin by seizing something which your opponent
holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will。〃
'Opinions differ as to what Sun Tzu had in mind。 Ts‘ao Kung
thinks it is 〃some strategical advantage on which the enemy is
depending。〃 Tu Mu says: 〃The three things which an enemy is
anxious to do; and on the accomplishment of which his success
depends; are: (1) to capture our favorable positions; (2) to
ravage our cultivated land; (3) to guard his own communications。〃
Our object then must be to thwart his plans in these three
directions and thus render him helpless。 'Cf。 III。 ss。 3。' By
boldly seizing the initiative in this way; you at once throw the
other side on the defensive。'
19。 Rapidity is the essence of war:
'According to Tu Mu; 〃this is a summary of leading
principles in warfare;〃 and he adds: 〃These are the profoundest
truths of military science; and the chief business of the
general。〃 The following anecdotes; told by Ho Shih; shows the
importance attached to speed by two of China's greatest generals。
In 227 A。D。; Meng Ta; governor of Hsin…ch‘eng under the Wei
Emperor Wen Ti; was meditating defection to the House of Shu; and
had entered into correspondence with Chu…ko Liang; Prime Minister
of that State。 The Wei general Ssu…ma I was then military
governor of Wan; and getting wind of Meng Ta's treachery; he at
once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt; having
previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import。
Ssu…ma's officers came to him and said: 〃If Meng Ta has leagued
himself with Wu and Shu; the matter should be thoroughly
investigated before we make a move。〃 Ssu…ma I replied: 〃Meng Ta
is an unprincipled man; and we ought to go and punish him at
once; while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the
mask。〃 Then; by a series of forced marches; be brought his army
under the walls of Hsin…ch‘eng with in a space of eight days。
Now Meng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu…ko Liang:
〃Wan is 1200 LI from here。 When the news of my revolt reaches
Ssu…ma I; he will at once inform his imperial master; but it will
be a whole month before any steps can be taken; and by that time
my city will be well fortified。 Besides; Ssu…ma I is sure not to
come himself; and the generals that will be sent against us are
not worth troubling about。〃 The next letter; however; was filled
with consternation: 〃Though only eight days have passed since I
threw off my allegiance; an army is already at the city…gates。
What miraculous rapidity is this!〃 A fortnight later; Hsin…
ch‘eng had fallen and Meng Ta had lost his head。 'See
CHIN SHU; ch。 1; f。 3。' In 621 A。D。; Li Ching was sent from
K‘uei…chou in Ssu…ch‘uan to reduce the successful rebel Hsiao
Hsien; who had set up as Emperor at the modern Ching…chou Fu in
Hupeh。 It was autumn; and the Yangtsze being then in flood;
Hsiao Hsien never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come
down through the gorges; and consequently made no preparations。
But Li Ching embarked his army without loss of time; and was just
about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone
his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for
navigation。 Li Ching replied: 〃To the soldier; overwhelming
speed is of paramount importance; and he must never miss
opportunities。 Now is the time to strike; before Hsiao Hsien
even knows that we have got an army together。 If we seize the
present moment when the river is in flood; we shall appear before
his capital with startling suddenness; like the thunder which is
heard before you have time to stop your ears against it。 'See
VII。 ss。 19; note。' This is the great principle in war。 Even if
he gets to know of our approach; he will have to levy his
soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us。
Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours。〃 All came about as
he predicted; and Hsiao Hsien was obliged to surrender; nobly
stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer
the penalty of death。'
take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness; make your way by
unexpected routes; and attack unguarded spots。
20。 The following are the principles to be observed by an
invading force: The further you penetrate into a country; the
greater will be the solidarity of your troops; and thus the
defenders will not prevail against you。
21。 Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your
army with food。
'Cf。 supra; ss。 13。 Li Ch‘uan does not venture on a note
here。'
22。 Carefully study the well…being of your men;
'For 〃well…being〃; Wang Hsi means; 〃Pet them; humor them;
give them plenty of food and drink; and look after them
generally。〃'
and do not overtax them。 Concentrate your energy and hoard your
strength。
'Ch‘en recalls the line of action adopted in 224 B。C。 by the
famous general Wang Chien; whose military genius largely
contributed to the success of the First Emperor。 He had invaded
the Ch‘u State; where a universal levy was made to oppose him。
But; being doubtful of the temper of his troops; he declined all
invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive。 In
vain did the Ch‘u general try to force a battle: day after day
Wang Chien kept inside his walls and would not come out; but
devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and
confidence of his men。 He took care that they should be well
fed; sharing his own meals with them; provided facilities for
bathing; and employed every method of judicious indulgence to
weld them into a loyal and homogenous body。 After some time had
elapsed; he told off certain persons to find out how the men were
amusing themselves。 The answer was; that they were contending
with one another in putting the weight and long…jumping。 When
Wang Chien heard that they were engaged in these athletic
pursuits; he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the
required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting。 By
this time the Ch‘u army; after repeating their challenge again
and again; had marched away eastwards in disgust。 The Ch‘in
general immediately broke up his camp and followed them; and in
the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter。
Shortly afterwards; the whole of Ch‘u was conquered by Ch‘in; and
the king Fu…ch‘u led into captivity。'
Keep your