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art of war-第31章

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these rapidly moving lights so alarmed and discomfited the Romans 

that they withdrew from their position;  and Hannibal's army 

passed safely through the defile。  'See Polybius; III。  93;  94; 

Livy; XXII。 16 17。'



On desperate ground; fight。



     'For;  as Chia Lin remarks:  〃if you fight with all your 

might;  there is a chance of life; where as death is certain if 

you cling to your corner。〃'



     15。  Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how 

to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;



     'More literally;  〃cause the front and rear to lose touch 

with each other。〃'



to prevent co…operation between his large and small divisions; to 

hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad; the officers from 

rallying their men。

     16。  When the enemy's men were united; they managed to keep 

them in disorder。

     17。  When it was to their advantage; they made a forward 

move; when otherwise; they stopped still。



     'Mei Yao…ch‘en connects this with the foregoing:   〃Having 

succeeded in thus dislocating the enemy; they would push forward 

in order to secure any advantage to be gained; if there was no 

advantage to be gained; they would remain where they were。〃'



     18。  If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in 

orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack;  I 

should say:   〃Begin by seizing something which your opponent 

holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will。〃



     'Opinions differ as to what Sun Tzu had in mind。  Ts‘ao Kung 

thinks it is 〃some strategical advantage on which the enemy is 

depending。〃   Tu Mu says:  〃The three things which an enemy is 

anxious to do; and on the accomplishment of which his success 

depends;  are:   (1) to capture our favorable positions;  (2)  to 

ravage our cultivated land; (3) to guard his own communications。〃  

Our object then must be to thwart his plans in these three 

directions and thus render him helpless。  'Cf。 III。 ss。 3。'   By 

boldly seizing the initiative in this way; you at once throw the 

other side on the defensive。'



     19。  Rapidity is the essence of war:



     'According to Tu Mu;  〃this is a summary of   leading 

principles in warfare;〃 and he adds:  〃These are the profoundest 

truths of military science;  and the chief business of the 

general。〃   The following anecdotes; told by Ho Shih;  shows the 

importance attached to speed by two of China's greatest generals。  

In 227 A。D。;  Meng Ta; governor of Hsin…ch‘eng under the Wei 

Emperor Wen Ti; was meditating defection to the House of Shu; and 

had entered into correspondence with Chu…ko Liang; Prime Minister 

of that State。  The Wei general Ssu…ma I was then military 

governor of Wan; and getting wind of Meng Ta's treachery; he at 

once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt;  having 

previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly import。  

Ssu…ma's officers came to him and said:  〃If Meng Ta has leagued 

himself with Wu and Shu;  the matter should be thoroughly 

investigated before we make a move。〃  Ssu…ma I replied:  〃Meng Ta 

is an unprincipled man; and we ought to go and punish him at 

once; while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the 

mask。〃  Then; by a series of forced marches; be brought his army 

under the walls of Hsin…ch‘eng with in a space of eight days。  

Now Meng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu…ko Liang:  

〃Wan is 1200 LI from here。  When the news of my revolt reaches 

Ssu…ma I; he will at once inform his imperial master; but it will 

be a whole month before any steps can be taken; and by that time 

my city will be well fortified。  Besides; Ssu…ma I is sure not to 

come himself; and the generals that will be sent against us are 

not worth troubling about。〃  The next letter; however; was filled 

with consternation:  〃Though only eight days have passed since I 

threw off my allegiance; an army is already at the city…gates。  

What miraculous rapidity is this!〃  A fortnight later;  Hsin…

ch‘eng had fallen and Meng Ta had lost his head。   'See 

CHIN SHU;  ch。 1; f。 3。'  In 621 A。D。; Li Ching was sent from 

K‘uei…chou in Ssu…ch‘uan to reduce the successful rebel Hsiao 

Hsien;  who had set up as Emperor at the modern Ching…chou Fu in 

Hupeh。  It was autumn; and the Yangtsze being then in flood; 

Hsiao Hsien never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come 

down through the gorges; and consequently made no preparations。  

But Li Ching embarked his army without loss of time; and was just 

about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone 

his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for 

navigation。  Li Ching replied:  〃To the soldier;  overwhelming 

speed is of paramount importance;  and he must never miss 

opportunities。  Now is the time to strike; before Hsiao Hsien 

even knows that we have got an army together。  If we seize the 

present moment when the river is in flood; we shall appear before 

his capital with startling suddenness; like the thunder which is 

heard before you have time to stop your ears against it。  'See 

VII。 ss。 19; note。'  This is the great principle in war。  Even if 

he gets to know of our approach; he will have to levy his 

soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to oppose us。  

Thus the full fruits of victory will be ours。〃  All came about as 

he predicted;  and Hsiao Hsien was obliged to surrender;  nobly 

stipulating that his people should be spared and he alone suffer 

the penalty of death。'



take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness; make your way by 

unexpected routes; and attack unguarded spots。

     20。  The following are the principles to be observed by an 

invading force:  The further you penetrate into a country;  the 

greater will be the solidarity of your troops;  and thus the 

defenders will not prevail against you。

     21。  Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your 

army with food。



     'Cf。  supra; ss。 13。  Li Ch‘uan does not venture on a note 

here。'



     22。 Carefully study the well…being of your men;



     'For  〃well…being〃; Wang Hsi means; 〃Pet them;  humor them; 

give them plenty of food and drink;  and look after them 

generally。〃'



and do not overtax them。  Concentrate your energy and hoard your 

strength。



     'Ch‘en recalls the line of action adopted in 224 B。C。 by the 

famous   general Wang Chien;  whose military genius   largely 

contributed to the success of the First Emperor。  He had invaded 

the Ch‘u State; where a universal levy was made to oppose him。 

But; being doubtful of the temper of his troops; he declined all 

invitations to fight and remained strictly on the defensive。  In 

vain did the Ch‘u general try to force a battle:  day after day 

Wang Chien kept inside his walls and would not come out;  but 

devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and 

confidence of his men。  He took care that they should be well 

fed;  sharing his own meals with them; provided facilities for 

bathing;  and employed every method of judicious indulgence to 

weld them into a loyal and homogenous body。  After some time had 

elapsed; he told off certain persons to find out how the men were 

amusing themselves。  The answer was; that they were contending 

with one another in putting the weight and long…jumping。  When 

Wang Chien heard that they were engaged in these athletic 

pursuits;  he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the 

required pitch and that they were now ready for fighting。  By 

this time the Ch‘u army; after repeating their challenge again 

and again;  had marched away eastwards in disgust。  The Ch‘in 

general immediately broke up his camp and followed them; and in 

the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter。  

Shortly afterwards; the whole of Ch‘u was conquered by Ch‘in; and 

the king Fu…ch‘u led into captivity。'



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