art of war-第3章
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military matters。 Both of them are widely distributed; so I will
not discuss them here。〃 But as we go further back; serious
difficulties begin to arise。 The salient fact which has to be
faced is that the TSO CHUAN; the greatest contemporary record;
makes no mention whatsoever of Sun Wu; either as a general or as
a writer。 It is natural; in view of this awkward circumstance;
that many scholars should not only cast doubt on the story of Sun
Wu as given in the SHIH CHI; but even show themselves frankly
skeptical as to the existence of the man at all。 The most
powerful presentment of this side of the case is to be found in
the following disposition by Yeh Shui…hsin: '17'
It is stated in Ssu…ma Ch‘ien's history that Sun Wu was
a native of the Ch‘i State; and employed by Wu; and that in
the reign of Ho Lu he crushed Ch‘u; entered Ying; and was a
great general。 But in Tso's Commentary no Sun Wu appears at
all。 It is true that Tso's Commentary need not contain
absolutely everything that other histories contain。 But Tso
has not omitted to mention vulgar plebeians and hireling
ruffians such as Ying K‘ao…shu; '18' Ts‘ao Kuei; '19'; Chu
Chih…wu and Chuan She…chu '20'。 In the case of Sun Wu; whose
fame and achievements were so brilliant; the omission is much
more glaring。 Again; details are given; in their due order;
about his contemporaries Wu Yuan and the Minister P‘ei。 '21'
Is it credible that Sun Wu alone should have been passed
over?
In point of literary style; Sun Tzu's work belongs to
the same school as KUAN TZU; '22' LIU T‘AO; '23' and the YUEH
YU '24' and may have been the production of some private
scholar living towards the end of the 〃Spring and Autumn〃 or
the beginning of the 〃Warring States〃 period。 '25' The story
that his precepts were actually applied by the Wu State; is
merely the outcome of big talk on the part of his followers。
From the flourishing period of the Chou dynasty '26'
down to the time of the 〃Spring and Autumn;〃 all military
commanders were statesmen as well; and the class of
professional generals; for conducting external campaigns; did
not then exist。 It was not until the period of the 〃Six
States〃 '27' that this custom changed。 Now although Wu was
an uncivilized State; it is conceivable that Tso should have
left unrecorded the fact that Sun Wu was a great general and
yet held no civil office? What we are told; therefore; about
Jang…chu '28' and Sun Wu; is not authentic matter; but the
reckless fabrication of theorizing pundits。 The story of Ho
Lu's experiment on the women; in particular; is utterly
preposterous and incredible。
Yeh Shui…hsin represents Ssu…ma Ch‘ien as having said that
Sun Wu crushed Ch‘u and entered Ying。 This is not quite correct。
No doubt the impression left on the reader's mind is that he at
least shared in these exploits。 The fact may or may not be
significant; but it is nowhere explicitly stated in the SHIH CHI
either that Sun Tzu was general on the occasion of the taking of
Ying; or that he even went there at all。 Moreover; as we know
that Wu Yuan and Po P‘ei both took part in the expedition; and
also that its success was largely due to the dash and enterprise
of Fu Kai; Ho Lu's younger brother; it is not easy to see how yet
another general could have played a very prominent part in the
same campaign。
Ch‘en Chen…sun of the Sung dynasty has the note:
Military writers look upon Sun Wu as the father of their
art。 But the fact that he does not appear in the TSO CHUAN;
although he is said to have served under Ho Lu King of Wu;
makes it uncertain what period he really belonged to。
He also says:
The works of Sun Wu and Wu Ch‘i may be of genuine
antiquity。
It is noticeable that both Yeh Shui…hsin and Ch‘en Chen…sun;
while rejecting the personality of Sun Wu as he figures in Ssu…ma
Ch‘ien's history; are inclined to accept the date traditionally
assigned to the work which passes under his name。 The author of
the HSU LU fails to appreciate this distinction; and consequently
his bitter attack on Ch‘en Chen…sun really misses its mark。 He
makes one of two points; however; which certainly tell in favor
of the high antiquity of our 〃13 chapters。〃 〃Sun Tzu;〃 he says;
〃must have lived in the age of Ching Wang '519…476'; because he
is frequently plagiarized in subsequent works of the Chou; Ch‘in
and Han dynasties。〃 The two most shameless offenders in this
respect are Wu Ch‘i and Huai…nan Tzu; both of them important
historical personages in their day。 The former lived only a
century after the alleged date of Sun Tzu; and his death is known
to have taken place in 381 B。C。 It was to him; according to Liu
Hsiang; that Tseng Shen delivered the TSO CHUAN; which had been
entrusted to him by its author。 '29' Now the fact that
quotations from the ART OF WAR; acknowledged or otherwise; are to
be found in so many authors of different epochs; establishes a
very strong anterior to them all; in other words; that Sun
Tzu's treatise was already in existence towards the end of the
5th century B。C。 Further proof of Sun Tzu's antiquity is
furnished by the archaic or wholly obsolete meanings attaching to
a number of the words he uses。 A list of these; which might
perhaps be extended; is given in the HSU LU; and though some of
the interpretations are doubtful; the main argument is hardly
affected thereby。 Again; it must not be forgotten that Yeh Shui…
hsin; a scholar and critic of the first rank; deliberately
pronounces the style of the 13 chapters to belong to the early
part of the fifth century。 Seeing that he is actually engaged in
an attempt to disprove the existence of Sun Wu himself; we may be
sure that he would not have hesitated to assign the work to a
later date had he not honestly believed the contrary。 And it is
precisely on such a point that the judgment of an educated
Chinaman will carry most weight。 Other internal evidence is not
far to seek。 Thus in XIII。 ss。 1; there is an unmistakable
allusion to the ancient system of land…tenure which had already
passed away by the time of Mencius; who was anxious to see it
revived in a modified form。 '30' The only warfare Sun Tzu knows
is that carried on between the various feudal princes; in which
armored chariots play a large part。 Their use seems to have
entirely died out before the end of the Chou dynasty。 He speaks
as a man of Wu; a state which ceased to exist as early as 473
B。C。 On this I shall touch presently。
But once refer the work to the 5th century or earlier; and
the chances of its being other than a bona fide production are
sensibly diminished。 The great age of forgeries did not come
until long after。 That it should have been forged in the period
immediately following 473 is particularly unlikely; for no one;
as a rule; hastens to identify himself with a lost cause。 As for
Yeh Shui…hsin's theory; that the author was a literary recluse;
that seems to me quite untenable。 If one thing is more apparent
than another after reading the maxims of Sun Tzu; it is that
their essence has been distilled from a large store of personal
observation and experience。 They reflect the mind not only of a
born strategist; gifted with a rare faculty of generalization;
but also of a practical soldier closely acquainted with the
military conditions of his time。 To say nothing of the fact that
these sayings have been accepted and endorsed by all the greatest
captains of Chinese history; they offer a combination of
freshness and sincerity; acuteness and common sense; which quite
excludes the idea that they were artificially concocted in the
study。 If we admit; then; that the 13 chapters were the