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第20章

art of war-第20章

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arrive on the scene before your opponent。〃   Tu Mu   says:  

〃Hoodwink the enemy; so that he may be remiss and leisurely while 

you are dashing along with utmost speed。〃   Ho Shih gives a 

slightly different turn:  〃Although you may have difficult ground 

to traverse and natural obstacles to encounter this is a drawback 

which can be turned into actual advantage by celerity of 

movement。〃   Signal examples of this saying are afforded by the 

two famous passages across the Alpsthat of Hannibal; which laid 

Italy at his mercy; and that of Napoleon two thousand years 

later; which resulted in the great victory of Marengo。'



     4。  Thus;  to take a long and circuitous route;  after 

enticing the enemy out of the way; and though starting after him; 

to contrive to reach the goal before him; shows knowledge of the 

artifice of DEVIATION。



     'Tu Mu cites the famous march of Chao She in 270 B。C。  to 

relieve the town of O…yu; which was closely invested by a Ch‘in 

army。  The King of Chao first consulted Lien P‘o on the 

advisability of attempting a relief; but the latter thought the 

distance too great; and the intervening country too rugged and 

difficult。  His Majesty then turned to Chao She;  who fully 

admitted the hazardous nature of the march; but finally said:  

〃We shall be like two rats fighting in a wholeand the pluckier 

one will win!〃  So he left the capital with his army;  but had 

only gone a distance of 30 LI when he stopped and began 

throwing   up   entrenchments。   For 28   days   he   continued 

strengthening his fortifications; and took care that spies should 

carry the intelligence to the enemy。  The Ch‘in general was 

overjoyed;  and attributed his adversary's tardiness to the fact 

that the beleaguered city was in the Han State;  and thus not 

actually part of Chao territory。  But the spies had no sooner 

departed than Chao She began a forced march lasting for two days 

and one night;  and arrive on the scene of action with such 

astonishing rapidity that he was able to occupy a commanding 

position on the 〃North hill〃 before the enemy had got wind of his 

movements。  A crushing defeat followed for the Ch‘in forces;  who 

were obliged to raise the siege of O…yu in all haste and retreat 

across the border。'



     5。  Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;  with an 

undisciplined multitude; most dangerous。



     'I adopt the reading of the T‘UNG TIEN; Cheng Yu…hsien and 

the T‘U SHU; since they appear to apply the exact nuance required 

in order to make sense。  The commentators using the standard text 

take this line to mean that maneuvers may be profitable; or they 

may be dangerous:  it all depends on the ability of the general。'



     6。  If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to 

snatch an advantage; the chances are that you will be too late。  

On the other hand; to detach a flying column for the purpose 

involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores。



     'Some of the Chinese text is unintelligible to the Chinese 

commentators;  who paraphrase the sentence。  I submit my own 

rendering without much enthusiasm; being convinced that there is 

some deep…seated corruption in the text。  On the whole;  it is 

clear that Sun Tzu does not approve of a lengthy march being 

undertaken without supplies。  Cf。 infra; ss。 11。'



     7。  Thus; if you order your men to roll up their buff…coats; 

and make forced marches without halting day or night;  covering 

double the usual distance at a stretch;



     'The ordinary day's march; according to Tu Mu; was 30 LI; 

but on one occasion; when pursuing Liu Pei; Ts‘ao Ts‘ao is said 

to have covered the incredible distance of 300  _li_  within 

twenty…four hours。'



doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage; the leaders of 

all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy。

     8。  The stronger men will be in front; the jaded ones will 

fall behind; and on this plan only one…tenth of your army will 

reach its destination。



     'The moral is; as Ts‘ao Kung and others point out:   Don't 

march a hundred LI to gain a tactical advantage; either with or 

without impedimenta。  Maneuvers of this description should be 

confined to short distances。  Stonewall Jackson said:   〃The 

hardships of forced marches are often more painful than the 

dangers of battle。〃  He did not often call upon his troops for 

extraordinary exertions。  It was only when he intended   a 

surprise;  or when a rapid retreat was imperative;  that he 

sacrificed everything for speed。 '1' '



     9。  If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy; 

you will lose the leader of your first division; and only half 

your force will reach the goal。



     'Literally;  〃the leader of the first division will be 

TORN AWAY。〃'



     10。  If you march thirty LI with the same object; two…thirds 

of your army will arrive。



     'In the T‘UNG TIEN is added:  〃From this we may know the 

difficulty of maneuvering。〃'



     11。  We may take it then that an army without its baggage…

train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of 

supply it is lost。



     'I think Sun Tzu meant 〃stores accumulated in depots。〃   But 

Tu Yu says  〃fodder and the like;〃 Chang Yu says  〃Goods in 

general;〃 and Wang Hsi says 〃fuel; salt; foodstuffs; etc。〃'



     12。  We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted 

with the designs of our neighbors。

     13。  We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we 

are familiar with the face of the countryits mountains and 

forests; its pitfalls and precipices; its marshes and swamps。

     14。  We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account 

unless we make use of local guides。



     'ss。 12…14 are repeated in chap。 XI。 ss。 52。'



     15。  In war; practice dissimulation; and you will succeed。



     'In the tactics of Turenne;  deception of the   enemy; 

especially as to the numerical strength of his troops;  took a 

very prominent position。 '2' '



     16。  Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops;  must 

be decided by circumstances。

     17。  Let your rapidity be that of the wind;



     'The simile is doubly appropriate; because the wind is not 

only swift but;  as Mei Yao…ch‘en points out;  〃invisible and 

leaves no tracks。〃'



your compactness that of the forest。



     'Meng Shih comes nearer to the mark in his note:   〃When 

slowly marching;  order and ranks must be preserved〃so as to 

guard against surprise attacks。  But natural forest do not grow 

in rows; whereas they do generally possess the quality of density 

or compactness。'



     18。  In raiding and plundering be like fire;



     'Cf。  SHIH CHING; IV。 3。 iv。 6:  〃Fierce as a blazing fire 

which no man can check。〃'



is immovability like a mountain。



     'That is; when holding a position from which the enemy is 

trying to dislodge you; or perhaps; as Tu Yu says; when he is 

trying to entice you into a trap。'



     19。  Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night;  and 

when you move; fall like a thunderbolt。



     'Tu Yu quotes a saying of T‘ai Kung which has passed into a 

proverb:  〃You cannot shut your ears to the thunder or your eyes 

to the lightingso rapid are they。〃  Likewise; an attack should 

be made so quickly that it cannot be parried。'



     20。  When you plunder a countryside;  let the spoil be 

divided amongst your men;



     'Sun Tzu wishes to lessen the abuses of indiscriminate 

plundering by insisting that all booty shall be thrown into a 

common stock;  which may afterwards be fairly divided amongst 

all。'



when you capture new territory; cut it up into allotments for the 

benefit of the soldiery。



     'Ch‘en Hao says 〃quarter your soldiers on the land; and let 

them sow and plant it。〃  It is by acting on this principle;  and 

harvesting the lan

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