art of war-第2章
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doubtful; but even if it were otherwise; his account would be of
little value; based as it is on the SHIH CHI and expanded with
romantic details。 The story of Sun Tzu will be found; for what
it is worth; in chapter 2。 The only new points in it worth
noting are: (1) Sun Tzu was first recommended to Ho Lu by Wu
Tzu…hsu。 (2) He is called a native of Wu。 (3) He had previously
lived a retired life; and his contemporaries were unaware of his
ability。
The following passage occurs in the Huai…nan Tzu: 〃When
sovereign and ministers show perversity of mind; it is impossible
even for a Sun Tzu to encounter the foe。〃 Assuming that this
work is genuine (and hitherto no doubt has been cast upon it); we
have here the earliest direct reference for Sun Tzu; for Huai…nan
Tzu died in 122 B。C。; many years before the SHIH CHI was given to
the world。
Liu Hsiang (80…9 B。C。) says: 〃The reason why Sun Tzu at the
head of 30;000 men beat Ch‘u with 200;000 is that the latter were
undisciplined。〃
Teng Ming…shih informs us that the surname 〃Sun〃 was
bestowed on Sun Wu's grandfather by Duke Ching of Ch‘i '547…490
B。C。'。 Sun Wu's father Sun P‘ing; rose to be a Minister of State
in Ch‘i; and Sun Wu himself; whose style was Ch‘ang…ch‘ing; fled
to Wu on account of the rebellion which was being fomented by the
kindred of T‘ien Pao。 He had three sons; of whom the second;
named Ming; was the father of Sun Pin。 According to this account
then; Pin was the grandson of Wu; which; considering that Sun
Pin's victory over Wei was gained in 341 B。C。; may be dismissed
as chronological impossible。 Whence these data were obtained by
Teng Ming…shih I do not know; but of course no reliance whatever
can be placed in them。
An interesting document which has survived from the close of
the Han period is the short preface written by the Great Ts‘ao
Ts‘ao; or Wei Wu Ti; for his edition of Sun Tzu。 I shall give it
in full:
I have heard that the ancients used bows and arrows to
their advantage。 '10' The SHU CHU mentions 〃the army〃 among
the 〃eight objects of government。〃 The I CHING says:
〃'army' indicates firmness and justice; the experienced
leader will have good fortune。〃 The SHIH CHING says: 〃The
King rose majestic in his wrath; and he marshaled his
troops。〃 The Yellow Emperor; T‘ang the Completer and Wu Wang
all used spears and battle…axes in order to succor their
generation。 The SSU…MA FA says: 〃If one man slay another of
set purpose; he himself may rightfully be slain。〃 He who
relies solely on warlike measures shall be exterminated; he
who relies solely on peaceful measures shall perish。
Instances of this are Fu Ch‘ai '11' on the one hand and Yen
Wang on the other。 '12' In military matters; the Sage's rule
is normally to keep the peace; and to move his forces only
when occasion requires。 He will not use armed force unless
driven to it by necessity。
Many books have I read on the subject of war and
fighting; but the work composed by Sun Wu is the profoundest
of them all。 'Sun Tzu was a native of the Ch‘i state; his
personal name was Wu。 He wrote the ART OF WAR in 13 chapters
for Ho Lu; King of Wu。 Its principles were tested on women;
and he was subsequently made a general。 He led an army
westwards; crushed the Ch‘u state and entered Ying the
capital。 In the north; he kept Ch‘i and Chin in awe。 A
hundred years and more after his time; Sun Pin lived。 He was
a descendant of Wu。' '13' In his treatment of deliberation
and planning; the importance of rapidity in taking the field;
'14' clearness of conception; and depth of design; Sun Tzu
stands beyond the reach of carping criticism。 My
contemporaries; however; have failed to grasp the full
meaning of his instructions; and while putting into practice
the smaller details in which his work abounds; they have
overlooked its essential purport。 That is the motive which
has led me to outline a rough explanation of the whole。
One thing to be noticed in the above is the explicit
statement that the 13 chapters were specially composed for King
Ho Lu。 This is supported by the internal evidence of I。 ss。 15;
in which it seems clear that some ruler is addressed。
In the bibliographic section of the HAN SHU; there is an
entry which has given rise to much discussion: 〃The works of Sun
Tzu of Wu in 82 P‘IEN (or chapters); with diagrams in 9 CHUAN。〃
It is evident that this cannot be merely the 13 chapters known to
Ssu…ma Ch‘ien; or those we possess today。 Chang Shou…chieh
refers to an edition of Sun Tzu's ART OF WAR of which the 〃13
chapters〃 formed the first CHUAN; adding that there were two
other CHUAN besides。 This has brought forth a theory; that the
bulk of these 82 chapters consisted of other writings of Sun Tzu
we should call them apocryphal similar to the WEN TA; of
which a specimen dealing with the Nine Situations '15' is
preserved in the T‘UNG TIEN; and another in Ho Shin's commentary。
It is suggested that before his interview with Ho Lu; Sun Tzu had
only written the 13 chapters; but afterwards composed a sort of
exegesis in the form of question and answer between himself and
the King。 Pi I…hsun; the author of the SUN TZU HSU LU; backs
this up with a quotation from the WU YUEH CH‘UN CH‘IU: 〃The King
of Wu summoned Sun Tzu; and asked him questions about the art of
war。 Each time he set forth a chapter of his work; the King
could not find words enough to praise him。〃 As he points out; if
the whole work was expounded on the same scale as in the above…
mentioned fragments; the total number of chapters could not fail
to be considerable。 Then the numerous other treatises attributed
to Sun Tzu might be included。 The fact that the HAN CHIH
mentions no work of Sun Tzu except the 82 P‘IEN; whereas the Sui
and T‘ang bibliographies give the titles of others in addition to
the 〃13 chapters;〃 is good proof; Pi I…hsun thinks; that all of
these were contained in the 82 P‘IEN。 Without pinning our faith
to the accuracy of details supplied by the WU YUEH CH‘UN CH‘IU;
or admitting the genuineness of any of the treatises cited by Pi
I…hsun; we may see in this theory a probable solution of the
mystery。 Between Ssu…ma Ch‘ien and Pan Ku there was plenty of
time for a luxuriant crop of forgeries to have grown up under the
magic name of Sun Tzu; and the 82 P‘IEN may very well represent a
collected edition of these lumped together with the original
work。 It is also possible; though less likely; that some of them
existed in the time of the earlier historian and were purposely
ignored by him。 '16'
Tu Mu's conjecture seems to be based on a passage which
states: 〃Wei Wu Ti strung together Sun Wu's Art of War;〃 which
in turn may have resulted from a misunderstanding of the final
words of Ts‘ao King's preface。 This; as Sun Hsing…yen points
out; is only a modest way of saying that he made an explanatory
paraphrase; or in other words; wrote a commentary on it。 On the
whole; this theory has met with very little acceptance。 Thus;
the SSU K‘U CH‘UAN SHU says: 〃The mention of the 13 chapters in
the SHIH CHI shows that they were in existence before the HAN
CHIH; and that latter accretions are not to be considered part of
the original work。 Tu Mu's assertion can certainly not be taken
as proof。〃
There is every reason to suppose; then; that the 13 chapters
existed in the time of Ssu…ma Ch‘ien practically as we have them
now。 That the work was then well known he tells us in so many
words。 〃Sun Tzu's 13 Chapters and Wu Ch‘i's Art of War are the
two books that people commonly refer to on the subject of
military matters。 Both of them are widely distributed; so I will
not discuss them here。〃 But as we g