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第18章

art of war-第18章

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provisions are too scanty; or the defenders are variance amongst 

themselves。〃'



You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold 

positions that cannot be attacked。



     'I。e。;  where there are none of the weak points mentioned 

above。   There   is rather a nice point involved   in   the 

interpretation of this later clause。  Tu Mu; Ch‘en Hao; and Mei 

Yao…ch‘en assume the meaning to be:  〃In order to make your 

defense quite safe; you must defend EVEN those places that are 

not likely to be attacked;〃 and Tu Mu adds:   〃How much more; 

then;  those that will be attacked。〃  Taken thus;  however;  the 

clause   balances   less well with the   precedingalways   a 

consideration in the highly antithetical style which is natural 

to the Chinese。  Chang Yu; therefore; seems to come nearer the 

mark in saying:  〃He who is skilled in attack flashes forth from 

the topmost heights of heaven 'see IV。  ss。  7';  making it 

impossible for the enemy to guard against him。  This being so; 

the places that I shall attack are precisely those that the enemy 

cannot defend。。。。  He who is skilled in defense hides in the most 

secret recesses of the earth; making it impossible for the enemy 

to estimate his whereabouts。  This being so; the places that I 

shall hold are precisely those that the enemy cannot attack。〃'



     8。  Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent 

does not know what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose 

opponent does not know what to attack。



     'An aphorism which puts the whole art of war in a nutshell。'



     9。  O divine art of subtlety and secrecy!  Through you we 

learn to be invisible; through you inaudible;



     'Literally;  〃without form or sound;〃 but it is said of 

course with reference to the enemy。'



and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands。

     10。  You may advance and be absolutely irresistible; if you 

make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire and be safe from 

pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy。

     11。  If we wish to fight; the enemy can be forced to an 

engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and 

a deep ditch。  All we need do is attack some other place that he 

will be obliged to relieve。



     'Tu Mu says:  〃If the enemy is the invading party;  we can 

cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he 

will have to return; if we are the invaders; we may direct our 

attack against the sovereign himself。〃  It is clear that Sun Tzu; 

unlike certain generals in the late Boer war; was no believer in 

frontal attacks。'



     12。  If we do not wish to fight; we can prevent the enemy 

from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be 

merely traced out on the ground。  All we need do is to throw 

something odd and unaccountable in his way。



     'This   extremely   concise   expression   is   intelligibly 

paraphrased by Chia Lin:  〃even though we have constructed 

neither wall nor ditch。〃  Li Ch‘uan says:  〃we puzzle him by 

strange and unusual dispositions;〃 and Tu Mu finally clinches the 

meaning by three illustrative anecdotesone of Chu…ko Liang; who 

when occupying Yang…p‘ing and about to be attacked by Ssu…ma I; 

suddenly struck his colors; stopped the beating of the drums; and 

flung open the city gates; showing only a few men engaged in 

sweeping and sprinkling the ground。  This unexpected proceeding 

had the intended effect; for Ssu…ma I;  suspecting an ambush; 

actually drew off his army and retreated。  What Sun Tzu is 

advocating here;  therefore; is nothing more nor less than the 

timely use of 〃bluff。〃'



     13。  By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining 

invisible ourselves; we can keep our forces concentrated;  while 

the enemy's must be divided。



     'The conclusion is perhaps not very obvious; but Chang Yu 

(after Mei Yao…ch‘en) rightly explains it thus:  〃If the enemy's 

dispositions are visible;  we can make for him in one body; 

whereas;  our own dispositions being kept secret; the enemy will 

be obliged to divide his forces in order to guard against attack 

from every quarter。〃'



     14。  We can form a single united body; while the enemy must 

split up into fractions。  Hence there will be a whole pitted 

against separate parts of a whole; which means that we shall be 

many to the enemy's few。

     15。  And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force 

with a superior one; our opponents will be in dire straits。

     16。  The spot where we intend to fight must not be made 

known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible 

attack at several different points;



     'Sheridan once explained the reason of General Grant's 

victories by saying that 〃while his opponents were kept fully 

employed wondering what he was going to do; HE was thinking most 

of what he was going to do himself。〃'



and his forces being thus distributed in many directions;  the 

numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be 

proportionately few。

     17。  For should the enemy strengthen his van; he will weaken 

his rear; should he strengthen his rear; he will weaken his van; 

should he strengthen his left; he will weaken his right;  should 

he strengthen his right; he will weaken his left。  If he sends 

reinforcements everywhere; he will everywhere be weak。



     'In Frederick the Great's INSTRUCTIONS TO HIS GENERALS we 

read:   〃A defensive war is apt to betray us into too frequent 

detachment。  Those generals who have had but little experience 

attempt to protect every point; while those who are better 

acquainted with their profession; having only the capital object 

in view; guard against a decisive blow; and acquiesce in small 

misfortunes to avoid greater。〃'



     18。  Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against 

possible   attacks;  numerical strength;  from compelling   our 

adversary to make these preparations against us。



     'The highest generalship; in Col。 Henderson's words; is  〃to 

compel the enemy to disperse his army; and then to concentrate 

superior force against each fraction in turn。〃'



     19。  Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle; we 

may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight。



     'What Sun Tzu evidently has in mind is that nice calculation 

of distances and that masterly employment of strategy which 

enable a general to divide his army for the purpose of a long and 

rapid march; and afterwards to effect a junction at precisely the 

right spot and the right hour in order to confront the enemy in 

overwhelming strength。  Among many such successful junctions 

which military history records; one of the most dramatic and 

decisive was the appearance of Blucher just at the critical 

moment on the field of Waterloo。'



     20。  But if neither time nor place be known; then the left 

wing will be impotent to succor the right;  the right equally 

impotent to succor the left; the van unable to relieve the rear; 

or the rear to support the van。  How much more so if the furthest 

portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart;  and 

even the nearest are separated by several LI!



     'The Chinese of this last sentence is a little lacking in 

precision;  but the mental picture we are required to draw is 

probably that of an army advancing towards a given rendezvous in 

separate columns; each of which has orders to be there on a fixed 

date。  If the general allows the various detachments to proceed 

at haphazard;  without precise instructions as to the time and 

place of meeting; the enemy will be able to annihilate the army 

in detail。  Chang Yu's note may be worth quoting here:  〃If we do 

not know the place where our opponents mean to concentrate or the 

day on which they will join battle; our unity will be forfeited 

through our prepa

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