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第17章

art of war-第17章

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make   the   enemy over…confident;  you must   have   exceeding 

strength。〃'



     18。  Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a 

question of subdivision;



     'See supra; ss。 1。'



concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of 

latent energy;



     'The commentators strongly understand a certain Chinese word 

here differently than anywhere else in this chapter。  Thus Tu Mu 

says:   〃seeing that we are favorably circumstanced and yet make 

no move; the enemy will believe that we are really afraid。〃'



masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical 

dispositions。



     'Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu;  the 

first Han Emperor:  〃Wishing to crush the Hsiung…nu; he sent out 

spies   to report on their condition。  But the   Hsiung…nu; 

forewarned;  carefully concealed all their able…bodied men and 

well…fed horses; and only allowed infirm soldiers and emaciated 

cattle to be seen。  The result was that spies one and all 

recommended the Emperor to deliver his attack。  Lou Ching alone 

opposed them; saying:  〃When two countries go to war;  they are 

naturally inclined to make an ostentatious display of their 

strength。  Yet our spies have seen nothing but old age and 

infirmity。  This is surely some ruse on the part of the enemy; 

and it would be unwise for us to attack。〃  The Emperor;  however; 

disregarding this advice; fell into the trap and found himself 

surrounded at Po…teng。〃'



     19。  Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the 

move maintains deceitful appearances; according to which the 

enemy will act。



     'Ts‘ao Kung's note is 〃Make a display of weakness and want。〃  

Tu Mu says:  〃If our force happens to be superior to the enemy's; 

weakness may be simulated in order to lure him on;  but if 

inferior; he must be led to believe that we are strong; in order 

that he may keep off。  In fact; all the enemy's movements should 

be determined by the signs that we choose to give him。〃  Note the 

following anecdote of Sun Pin; a descendent of Sun Wu:   In 341 

B。C。;  the Ch‘i State being at war with Wei; sent T‘ien Chi and 

Sun Pin against the general P‘ang Chuan; who happened to be a 

deadly personal enemy of the later。  Sun Pin said:   〃The Ch‘i 

State has a reputation for cowardice; and therefore our adversary 

despises us。  Let us turn this circumstance to   account。〃  

Accordingly;  when the army had crossed the border into Wei 

territory;  he gave orders to show 100;000 fires on the first 

night;  50;000 on the next; and the night after only 20;000。  

P‘ang Chuan pursued them hotly; saying to himself:  〃I knew these 

men of Ch‘i were cowards:  their numbers have already fallen away 

by more than half。〃  In his retreat; Sun Pin came to a narrow 

defile;  with he calculated that his pursuers would reach after 

dark。  Here he had a tree stripped of its bark;  and inscribed 

upon it the words:  〃Under this tree shall P‘ang Chuan die。〃  

Then; as night began to fall; he placed a strong body of archers 

in ambush near by; with orders to shoot directly they saw a 

light。  Later on; P‘ang Chuan arrived at the spot; and noticing 

the tree; struck a light in order to read what was written on it。  

His body was immediately riddled by a volley of arrows; and his 

whole army thrown into confusion。  'The above is Tu Mu's version 

of the story; the SHIH CHI; less dramatically but probably with 

more historical truth; makes P‘ang Chuan cut his own throat with 

an exclamation of despair; after the rout of his army。' '



He sacrifices something; that the enemy may snatch at it。



     20。  By holding out baits; he keeps him on the march;  then 

with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him。



     'With an emendation suggested by Li Ching; this then reads; 

〃He lies in wait with the main body of his troops。〃'



     21。  The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined 

energy; and does not require too much from individuals。



     'Tu Mu says:  〃He first of all considers the power of his 

army in the bulk; afterwards he takes individual talent into 

account;  and uses each men according to his capabilities。  He 

does not demand perfection from the untalented。〃'



Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined 

energy。

     22。  When he utilizes combined energy;  his fighting men 

become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones。  For it is 

the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level 

ground; and to move when on a slope; if four…cornered; to come to 

a standstill; but if round…shaped; to go rolling down。



     'Ts‘au Kung calls this 〃the use of natural or inherent 

power。〃'



     23。  Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as 

the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands 

of feet in height。  So much on the subject of energy。



     'The chief lesson of this chapter; in Tu Mu's opinion;  is 

the paramount importance in war of rapid evolutions and sudden 

rushes。  〃Great results;〃 he adds; 〃can thus be achieved with 

small forces。〃'





'1'  〃Forty…one Years in India;〃 chapter 46。







VI。  WEAK POINTS AND STRONG





     'Chang Yu attempts to explain the sequence of chapters as 

follows:   〃Chapter IV; on Tactical Dispositions; treated of the 

offensive and the defensive; chapter V; on Energy;  dealt with 

direct and indirect methods。  The good general acquaints himself 

first with the theory of attack and defense; and then turns his 

attention to direct and indirect methods。  He studies the art of 

varying and combining these two methods before proceeding to the 

subject of weak and strong points。  For the use of direct or 

indirect methods arises out of attack and defense;  and the 

perception of weak and strong points depends again on the above 

methods。  Hence the present chapter comes immediately after the 

chapter on Energy。〃'



     1。  Sun Tzu said:  Whoever is first in the field and awaits 

the coming of the enemy; will be fresh for the fight; whoever is 

second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive 

exhausted。

     2。  Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the 

enemy; but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him。



     'One mark of a great soldier is that he fight on his own 

terms or fights not at all。 '1' '



     3。  By holding out advantages to him; he can cause the enemy 

to approach of his own accord; or; by inflicting damage; he can 

make it impossible for the enemy to draw near。



     'In the first case; he will entice him with a bait; in the 

second;  he will strike at some important point which the enemy 

will have to defend。'



     4。  If the enemy is taking his ease; he can harass him;



     'This passage may be cited as evidence against Mei Yao…

Ch‘en's interpretation of I。 ss。 23。'



if well supplied with food; he can starve him out;  if quietly 

encamped; he can force him to move。

     5。  Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; 

march swiftly to places where you are not expected。

     6。  An army may march great distances without distress;  if 

it marches through country where the enemy is not。



     'Ts‘ao Kung sums up very well:  〃Emerge from the void  'q。d。 

like  〃a bolt from the blue〃'; strike at vulnerable points;  shun 

places that are defended; attack in unexpected quarters。〃'



     7。  You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you 

only attack places which are undefended。



     'Wang Hsi explains 〃undefended places〃 as 〃weak points; that 

is to say;  where the general is lacking in capacity;  or the 

soldiers in spirit; where the walls are not strong enough; or the 

precautions not strict enough; where relief comes too late;  or 

provisions are too scanty; or the defenders are variance amongst 

themselves。〃'



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