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art of war-第11章

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by cutting off his hair。  Ts‘ao Ts‘ao's own comment on the 

present passage is characteristically curt:  〃when you lay down a 

law;  see that it is not disobeyed; if it is disobeyed the 

offender must be put to death。〃'



     (5)  Which army is stronger? 



     'Morally as well as physically。  As Mei Yao…ch‘en puts it; 

freely rendered; 〃ESPIRIT DE CORPS and 'big battalions。'〃' 



     (6)  On which side are officers and men more highly trained? 



     'Tu Yu quotes Wang Tzu as saying:   〃Without constant 

practice;  the officers will be nervous and undecided when 

mustering for battle; without constant practice; the general will 

be wavering and irresolute when the crisis is at hand。〃' 



     (7)   In which army is there the greater constancy both in 

reward and punishment?



     'On which side is there the most absolute certainty that 

merit will be properly rewarded and misdeeds summarily punished?'



     14。  By means of these seven considerations I can forecast 

victory or defeat。

     15。  The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon 

it; will conquer:   let such a one be retained in command!  The 

general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it;  will 

suffer defeat:  let such a one be dismissed!



     'The form of this paragraph reminds us that Sun Tzu's 

treatise was composed expressly for the benefit of his patron Ho 

Lu; king of the Wu State。'



     16。  While heading the profit of my counsel; avail yourself 

also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary 

rules。

     17。  According as circumstances are favorable;  one should 

modify one's plans。



     'Sun Tzu;  as a practical soldier; will have none of the 

〃bookish theoric。〃  He cautions us here not to pin our faith to 

abstract principles; 〃for;〃 as Chang Yu puts it; 〃while the main 

laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of 

all and sundry; you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in 

attempting to secure a favorable position in actual warfare。〃  On 

the eve of the battle of Waterloo; Lord Uxbridge; commanding the 

cavalry;  went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what 

his plans and calculations were for the morrow; because;  as he 

explained; he might suddenly find himself Commander…in…chief and 

would be unable to frame new plans in a critical moment。  The 

Duke listened quietly and then said:  〃Who will attack the first 

tomorrow  I or Bonaparte?〃  〃Bonaparte;〃 replied Lord Uxbridge。  

〃Well;〃 continued the Duke; 〃Bonaparte has not given me any idea 

of his projects; and as my plans will depend upon his;  how can 

you expect me to tell you what mine are?〃 '1' '



     18。  All warfare is based on deception。



     'The truth of this pithy and profound saying will be 

admitted by every soldier。  Col。  Henderson tells us   that 

Wellington;  great in so many military qualities; was especially 

distinguished by 〃the extraordinary skill with which he concealed 

his movements and deceived both friend and foe。〃'



     19。  Hence; when able to attack; we must seem unable;  when 

using our forces; we must seem inactive; when we are near;  we 

must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away;  we 

must make him believe we are near。

     20。  Hold out baits to entice the enemy。  Feign disorder; 

and crush him。



     'All commentators;  except Chang Yu; say; 〃When he is in 

disorder; crush him。〃  It is more natural to suppose that Sun Tzu 

is still illustrating the uses of deception in war。'



     21。  If he is secure at all points; be prepared for him。  If 

he is in superior strength; evade him。

     22。  If your opponent is of choleric temper;  seek to 

irritate him。  Pretend to be weak; that he may grow arrogant。



     'Wang Tzu;  quoted by Tu Yu; says that the good tactician 

plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse;  first 

feigning weakness and immobility; and then suddenly pouncing upon 

him。'



     23。  If he is taking his ease; give him no rest。



     'This is probably the meaning though Mei Yao…ch‘en has the 

note:  〃while we are taking our ease; wait for the enemy to tire 

himself out。〃  The YU LAN has 〃Lure him on and tire him out。〃'



If his forces are united; separate them。



     'Less plausible is the interpretation favored by most of the 

commentators:   〃If sovereign and subject are in accord;  put 

division between them。〃'



     24。  Attack him where he is unprepared; appear where you are 

not expected。

     25。  These military devices; leading to victory; must not be 

divulged beforehand。

     26。   Now the general who wins a battle makes   many 

calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought。



     'Chang Yu tells us that in ancient times it was customary 

for a temple to be set apart for the use of a general who was 

about to take the field; in order that he might there elaborate 

his plan of campaign。'



The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations 

beforehand。  Thus do many calculations lead to victory; and few 

calculations to defeat:  how much more no calculation at all!  It 

is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to 

win or lose。





'1'  〃Words on Wellington;〃 by Sir。 W。 Fraser。







II。  WAGING WAR





     'Ts‘ao Kung has the note:  〃He who wishes to fight must 

first count the cost;〃 which prepares us for the discovery that 

the subject of the chapter is not what we might expect from the 

title; but is primarily a consideration of ways and means。'



     1。  Sun Tzu said:  In the operations of war; where there are 

in the field a thousand swift chariots; as many heavy chariots; 

and a hundred thousand mail…clad soldiers;



     'The  〃swift chariots〃 were lightly built and; according to 

Chang Yu; used for the attack; the 〃heavy chariots〃 were heavier; 

and designed for purposes of defense。  Li Ch‘uan; it is true; 

says that the latter were light; but this seems hardly probable。  

It is interesting to note the analogies between early Chinese 

warfare and that of the Homeric Greeks。  In each case; the war…

chariot was the important factor; forming as it did the nucleus 

round which was grouped a certain number of foot…soldiers。  With 

regard to the numbers given here; we are informed that each swift 

chariot was accompanied by 75 footmen; and each heavy chariot by 

25 footmen;  so that the whole army would be divided up into a 

thousand battalions;  each consisting of two chariots and a 

hundred men。'



with provisions enough to carry them a thousand LI;



     '2。78 modern LI go to a mile。  The length may have varied 

slightly since Sun Tzu's time。'



the expenditure at home and at the front; including entertainment 

of guests; small items such as glue and paint; and sums spent on 

chariots and armor; will reach the total of a thousand ounces of 

silver per day。  Such is the cost of raising an army of 100;000 

men。

     2。  When you engage in actual fighting; if victory is long 

in coming; then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will 

be damped。  If you lay siege to a town; you will exhaust your 

strength。

     3。  Again; if the campaign is protracted; the resources of 

the State will not be equal to the strain。

     4。  Now; when your weapons are dulled; your ardor damped; 

your strength exhausted and your treasure spent; other chieftains 

will spring up to take advantage of your extremity。  Then no man; 

however wise; will be able to avert the consequences that must 

ensue。

     5。  Thus;  though we have heard of stupid haste in war; 

cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays。



     'This concise and difficult sentence is not well explained 

by any of the commentators。  Ts‘ao Kung; Li Ch‘uan; Meng Shih; Tu 

Yu;  Tu Mu and Mei Yao…ch‘en have notes to the effect that a 

general;  though 

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