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第17章

the high price of bullion-第17章

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1808; to Christmas; 1809; to have been from 17 1/2 to 18



millions; or 500;000 l。; the exchange with Hamburgh during the



same period having fallen from 34s。 9g。 to 28s。 6g。 an increase



in the amount of notes of less than three per cent; and a fall in



the exchange of more than eighteen per cent。 But from whence did



Mr Pearse obtain this information; of 18 millions of bank…notes



only being in circulation at Christmas in 1809? After looking at



every return; with which I have been able to meet; of the amount



of bank…notes in circulation at the end of 1809; I cannot but



conclude that Mr Pearse's statement is incorrect。 Mr Mushet in



his tables gives four returns of bank…notes in the year。 In the



last; for the year 1809; he has stated the amount of bank…notes



in circulation







 at                                19;742;998



 In the Appendix to the Bullion Report; and in returns lately



made to the House of Commons; the amount of bank…notes in



circulation appears to have been on December 12; 1809         



19;727;520







 On the 1st January; 1810           2;669;320



 On the 7th January; 1810          19;528;030











    For many months previously to December it was not lower。 When



I first discovered this inaccuracy I thought Mr Pearse might have



omitted the bank post bills in both estimates; although they did



not in December; 1809; exceed 880;880 l。; but on looking at the



return of bank…notes in circulation; including bank post bills;



in January; 1808; I find Mr Pearse has stated it larger than I



can any where find it: indeed his estimate exceeds the return



made by the Bank for the 1st of January; 1808; by nearly 900;000



l。; so that from the 1st of January; 1808; to the 12th of



December; 1809; the increase was from 16;619;240 to 19;727;520; a



difference of more than three millions; instead of 500;000; as



stated by Mr Pearse; and of two millions if Mr Pearse's statement



for any time in January; 1808; be correct。



    Mr Pearse's statement too; that from January 1803; to the end



of 1807; the amount of bank…notes had increased from 16 and a



half to eighteen millions; an increase of a million and a half



appears to me to exceed the fact by half a million。 The increase



of notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including bank post bills; did not;



during that period; exceed 150;000 l。 It is material that these



errors should be pointed out; that those who may; in spite of



what I have urged; agree in principle with Mr Pearse; may see



that the facts of the case do not warrant the conclusions which



that gentleman has drawn from them; and; indeed; that all



calculations founded on the particular amount of banknotes for a



day; or for a week; when the general average has been for some



time before; or some time after; greater or less; will be of



little avail in overturning a theory which has every other proof



of its tuth。 Such I consider the theory which asserts that the



unlimited multiplication of a currency which is referrible to no



fixed standard may and must produce a permanent depression of the



exchange; estimated with a country whose currency is founded on



such standard。



    Having considered the weight which ought to be attached to Mr



Pearse's paper; I beg the reader's attention to the table which I



have drawn out from the statements in tbe Bullion Report; and



from the papers which have since been presented to the House of



Commons。 I request him to compare the amount of the circulation



of the larger notes with the variations in the exchange; and I



trust he will find no difficulty in reconciling the principle



maintained by me with the actual facts of the case; particularly



if he considers that the operations of an increased currency are



not instantaneous; but require some interval of time to produce



their full effect; … that a rise or fal1 in the price of silver;



as compared with gold; alters the relative value of the



currencies of England and Hamburgh; and therefore makes the



currency of one or other relatively redundant and cheap;…that the



same effect is produced; as I have already stated; by an abundant



or deficient harvest; either in this country or in those



countries with which we trade; or by any other addition or



diminution to their real wealth; which by altering the relative



proportion between commodities and money alters the value of the



circulating medium。 With these corrections; I have no fear but



that it will be found that Mr Pearse's objections may be refuted



without having recourse to the abandonment of a principle; which;



if yielded; will establish the mercantile theory of exchange; and



may be made to account for a drain of circulating medium; so



great; that it can only be counteracted by locking up our money



in the bank; and absolving the directors from the obligation of



paying their notes in specie。







Mr Pearse's statement; as presented to the Bullion Committee:







            Total of Bank Notes; Millions; Rate of Hambro'



Exchange







17th February; 1797; 8 1/2; 35s 6g



Rose Gradually in 1797 and 1798 to; 13; 38s 0g



March 1799; 13 1/2; 37s 7g



After this period; great commercial distress; large importation



of corn; heavy subsidies; and the Hambro' Exchange continued



falling; and on the 2d January; 1801 wasas low as;  ; 29s 8g



Between the end of the year 1799 to the end of 1802; an increased



quantity of 1 l。 and 2 l。 notes were issued; swelling the sum



total to all notes to; 13 1/2 to 16 1/2; Fluctuation from 33s 3g



to 29s 8g



From January; 1803; to the end of 1807; 16 1/2 to 18; Fluctuation



from 32s 10g to 35s 10g



From January; 1808; to Christmas 1809; 17 1/2 to 18; Fall from



34s 9g to 28s 6g







The rate of the Hambro' Exchange is taken from Lloyd's list。







I have omitted as much of Mr Pearse's paper as regarded the



amount of bank notes in circulation before the restriction on



bank payments; because whilst the public possessed the power of



obtaining specie for their notes; the exchange could not put be



momentarily lowered by the amount of the bank issues。











    The average amount of bank notes from the year 1797 to 1809



inclusive; in the following table; is copied from the Report of



the Bullion Committee。 The rates of exchange are extracted from a



list presented by the mint to parliament。 There have been three



returns made to parliament by the Bank; of the amount of their



notes in circulation in the year 1810; the first for the 7th and



12th of each month; the second a weekly return from the 19th



January; 1810; to 28th December; and the third also a weekly



account from the 3d March to 29th December; 1810。 The average



amount of notes above 5 l。 including bank post bills; according



to the first account is







                *15;706;226 of notes under 5 l。  *6;560;674



 Second。。。       16;192;110                       6;758;895



 Third。。。        16;358;230                       6;614;721







              3) 48;256;566                      19;934;290







 General average 16;085;522                       6;644;763







    In the years marked thus * the value of silver as compared



with gold exceeded the mint valuation;…this was the case



particularly in the year 1801; when less than 14 oz。 of silver



could purchase an ounce of gold; … the mint valuation is as 1 to



15。07; the present market value is as 1 to 16 nearly。







Average amount of Bank of England Notes in circulation in each of



the following years:







Notes of

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