the high price of bullion-第17章
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1808; to Christmas; 1809; to have been from 17 1/2 to 18
millions; or 500;000 l。; the exchange with Hamburgh during the
same period having fallen from 34s。 9g。 to 28s。 6g。 an increase
in the amount of notes of less than three per cent; and a fall in
the exchange of more than eighteen per cent。 But from whence did
Mr Pearse obtain this information; of 18 millions of bank…notes
only being in circulation at Christmas in 1809? After looking at
every return; with which I have been able to meet; of the amount
of bank…notes in circulation at the end of 1809; I cannot but
conclude that Mr Pearse's statement is incorrect。 Mr Mushet in
his tables gives four returns of bank…notes in the year。 In the
last; for the year 1809; he has stated the amount of bank…notes
in circulation
at 19;742;998
In the Appendix to the Bullion Report; and in returns lately
made to the House of Commons; the amount of bank…notes in
circulation appears to have been on December 12; 1809
19;727;520
On the 1st January; 1810 2;669;320
On the 7th January; 1810 19;528;030
For many months previously to December it was not lower。 When
I first discovered this inaccuracy I thought Mr Pearse might have
omitted the bank post bills in both estimates; although they did
not in December; 1809; exceed 880;880 l。; but on looking at the
return of bank…notes in circulation; including bank post bills;
in January; 1808; I find Mr Pearse has stated it larger than I
can any where find it: indeed his estimate exceeds the return
made by the Bank for the 1st of January; 1808; by nearly 900;000
l。; so that from the 1st of January; 1808; to the 12th of
December; 1809; the increase was from 16;619;240 to 19;727;520; a
difference of more than three millions; instead of 500;000; as
stated by Mr Pearse; and of two millions if Mr Pearse's statement
for any time in January; 1808; be correct。
Mr Pearse's statement too; that from January 1803; to the end
of 1807; the amount of bank…notes had increased from 16 and a
half to eighteen millions; an increase of a million and a half
appears to me to exceed the fact by half a million。 The increase
of notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including bank post bills; did not;
during that period; exceed 150;000 l。 It is material that these
errors should be pointed out; that those who may; in spite of
what I have urged; agree in principle with Mr Pearse; may see
that the facts of the case do not warrant the conclusions which
that gentleman has drawn from them; and; indeed; that all
calculations founded on the particular amount of banknotes for a
day; or for a week; when the general average has been for some
time before; or some time after; greater or less; will be of
little avail in overturning a theory which has every other proof
of its tuth。 Such I consider the theory which asserts that the
unlimited multiplication of a currency which is referrible to no
fixed standard may and must produce a permanent depression of the
exchange; estimated with a country whose currency is founded on
such standard。
Having considered the weight which ought to be attached to Mr
Pearse's paper; I beg the reader's attention to the table which I
have drawn out from the statements in tbe Bullion Report; and
from the papers which have since been presented to the House of
Commons。 I request him to compare the amount of the circulation
of the larger notes with the variations in the exchange; and I
trust he will find no difficulty in reconciling the principle
maintained by me with the actual facts of the case; particularly
if he considers that the operations of an increased currency are
not instantaneous; but require some interval of time to produce
their full effect; … that a rise or fal1 in the price of silver;
as compared with gold; alters the relative value of the
currencies of England and Hamburgh; and therefore makes the
currency of one or other relatively redundant and cheap;…that the
same effect is produced; as I have already stated; by an abundant
or deficient harvest; either in this country or in those
countries with which we trade; or by any other addition or
diminution to their real wealth; which by altering the relative
proportion between commodities and money alters the value of the
circulating medium。 With these corrections; I have no fear but
that it will be found that Mr Pearse's objections may be refuted
without having recourse to the abandonment of a principle; which;
if yielded; will establish the mercantile theory of exchange; and
may be made to account for a drain of circulating medium; so
great; that it can only be counteracted by locking up our money
in the bank; and absolving the directors from the obligation of
paying their notes in specie。
Mr Pearse's statement; as presented to the Bullion Committee:
Total of Bank Notes; Millions; Rate of Hambro'
Exchange
17th February; 1797; 8 1/2; 35s 6g
Rose Gradually in 1797 and 1798 to; 13; 38s 0g
March 1799; 13 1/2; 37s 7g
After this period; great commercial distress; large importation
of corn; heavy subsidies; and the Hambro' Exchange continued
falling; and on the 2d January; 1801 wasas low as; ; 29s 8g
Between the end of the year 1799 to the end of 1802; an increased
quantity of 1 l。 and 2 l。 notes were issued; swelling the sum
total to all notes to; 13 1/2 to 16 1/2; Fluctuation from 33s 3g
to 29s 8g
From January; 1803; to the end of 1807; 16 1/2 to 18; Fluctuation
from 32s 10g to 35s 10g
From January; 1808; to Christmas 1809; 17 1/2 to 18; Fall from
34s 9g to 28s 6g
The rate of the Hambro' Exchange is taken from Lloyd's list。
I have omitted as much of Mr Pearse's paper as regarded the
amount of bank notes in circulation before the restriction on
bank payments; because whilst the public possessed the power of
obtaining specie for their notes; the exchange could not put be
momentarily lowered by the amount of the bank issues。
The average amount of bank notes from the year 1797 to 1809
inclusive; in the following table; is copied from the Report of
the Bullion Committee。 The rates of exchange are extracted from a
list presented by the mint to parliament。 There have been three
returns made to parliament by the Bank; of the amount of their
notes in circulation in the year 1810; the first for the 7th and
12th of each month; the second a weekly return from the 19th
January; 1810; to 28th December; and the third also a weekly
account from the 3d March to 29th December; 1810。 The average
amount of notes above 5 l。 including bank post bills; according
to the first account is
*15;706;226 of notes under 5 l。 *6;560;674
Second。。。 16;192;110 6;758;895
Third。。。 16;358;230 6;614;721
3) 48;256;566 19;934;290
General average 16;085;522 6;644;763
In the years marked thus * the value of silver as compared
with gold exceeded the mint valuation;…this was the case
particularly in the year 1801; when less than 14 oz。 of silver
could purchase an ounce of gold; … the mint valuation is as 1 to
15。07; the present market value is as 1 to 16 nearly。
Average amount of Bank of England Notes in circulation in each of
the following years:
Notes of