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ies of specific variation under the influence of environment; of age; of inherent tendencies。  For instance; that these plants change in form and in spine characters with increasing age and after they have begun to flower can not be doubted; but what described forms have thus been separated in descriptions can only be guessed at。

John M。 Coulter。  Lake Forest University;  Lake Forest; Ill。; January; 1891。




CACTUS; ANHALONIUM; AND LOPHOPHORA。

1。 CACTUS Linn。 Sp。 Pl。 466 (1753); restricted。

MAMILLARIA Haw。 Synop。 177 (1812); not Stackh。 (1809)。

Usually globose to oblong plants (simple; branching or cespitose); but sometimes slender…cylindrical; covered with spine…bearing tubercles: flower…bearing areola axillary (with reference to tubercles); entirely separate from the terminal spine…bearing areola; although sometimes (Coryphantha) connected with it by a woolly groove along the upper face of the tubercle: ovary naked: seeds smooth or pitted: embryo usually straight; with short cotyledons。 Originally defined by Linnaeus in his Systema; ed。 l (1735)。

The Linnaean genus Cactus of 1753 included 22 species and was coextensive with the present order。  In 1812 the species were separated by Haworth into five genera; the original generic name Cactus being discarded。  Among these species C。 mamillaris seems to have stood as the type; not only of the Linnaean genus Cactus; but also of Haworth's Mamillaria; and as such should retain the original generic name。  Besides; Mamillaria was used as the generic name of an alga in 1809。  Cactus mamillaris L。 is the West Indian Mamillaria simplex Haw。

From one point of view the two sections of the genus (Eumamillaria and Coryphantha) deserve generic separation; for the character of grooveless and grooved tubercles seems to hold without exception; and the sections are separated with more certainty than are certain species of Coryphantha and Echinocactus。  If genera are simply groups of convenience the separation should be made。

I。 EUMAMILLARIA。  Flowers from the axils of the older or full…grown tubercles (hence usually appearing lateral); mostly small; and generally from whitish to pink or red: tubercles never grooved: fruit almost always clavate and scarlet。

A。 Tubercles more or less quadrangular。

*  Central spines not hooked。 +  More than one central spine。


1。 Cactus alternatus; sp。 nov。

Subglobose; 10 cm。 in diameter; simple: tubercles long (15 to 20 mm。) and spreading; with woolly axils: radial spines 3; rigid and recurved; 5 mm。 long; central spines 3; very stout and much recurved; 20 to 30 mm。 long; alternating with the radials; all ashy colored and often twisted: flower and fruit unknown。Type in Herb。 Coulter。

The few spines; with the very short radials alternating with the very long and stout centrals; furnish a striking character。 Occasionally one of the centrals is wanting。

2。Cactus acanthophlegmus (Lehm。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 260 (1891)。

  Mamillaria acanthophlegma Lehm。 Delect。 Sem。 Hamb。 (1833)

Subglobose with a deeply depressed vertex; or becoming cylindrical; 3 to 8。5 cm。 in diameter: tubercles sharply quadrangular…conical; with densely woolly axils: radial spines 15 to 30; white; very slender (bristly) and radiant; sometimes coarse capillary; 4 to 7 mm。 long; interwoven with those of neighboring tubercles and so covering the whole plant; central spines 2 to 4; robust and straight; erect or divergent; whitish or reddish; black…tipped; 5 to 6。5 mm。 long: flowers reddish; 1 to 2 cm。 broad: fruit unknown。  Type unknown。

From Coahuila and San Luis Potosi to Oaxaca。  Fl。 May。

Specimens examined: Coahuila (Poselger of 1856; Pringle 3116 of 1890): San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891)。

The central spines are quite variable in number and arrangement。 In case there are two they are vertically placed and are either erect and parallel or widely divergent。  Even three centrals may occur in the same vertical plane; but more usually the three or four centrals are arranged about a center and are widely divergent。  The tubercles are apt to persist and to become naked and corky with age。  The axillary wool and the capillary radials are also apt to be more or less persistent; thus giving the whole plant a woolly appearance。

3。Cactus brandegei; sp。 nov。

Cylindrical: tubercles sharply quadrangular…conical; 6 to 8 mm。 long; with densely woolly axils: radial spines about 10; slender and rigid; whitish with dusky tips; spreading but not radiant; 7 to 10 mm。 long; central spines 3 or 4; stouter and slightly longer; erect…spreading (sometimes slightly curved); reddish…brown below; becoming blackish above: flowers small (scarcely longer than the tubercle?): fruit unknown。  Type in Herb。 Calif。 Acad。

San Jorge; Lower California。  Fl。 April。

Specimens examined: Lower California (Brandegee of 1889; at San Jorge)。

The species has somewhat the spine characters of C。 palmeri; but the sharply quadrangular and longer tubercles with axillary wool free from bristles suggest a very different affinity。

4。Cactus densispinus; sp。 nov。

Globose; 7。5 cm。 in diameter; simple: tubercles short; with woolly axils: radial spines about 25; erect…spreading; slender but rigid; yellow (brownish to black with age); unequal; 8 to 10 mm。 long; central spines 6; a little longer (10 to 12 mm。) and straight; more rigid and darker; black…tipped: seeds obovate; reddish…brown; 1 mm。 long。  Type in Herb。 Coulter。

Very easily distinguished by its dense; erect spines; which so completely cover the plant as to give it the appearance of a large chestnut bur。  Another much smaller form; which seems to be a variety; has stouter and longer ashy…white spines; the centrals darker…tipped; and the lower centrals slightly curved。

++ One short central spine (rarely two or none): ovaries immersed: seeds small; yellow and rugulose: simple。

5。Cactus heyderi (Muhlenpf。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 260 (1891)。

  Mamillaria heyderi  Muhlenpf。 Allg。 Gart。 Zeit。 xvi。 20(1848)。   Mamillaria declivis  Dietr。 Allg。 Gart。 Zeit。 xviii。 235 (1850)。   Mamillaria applanata  Engelm。 Pl。 Lindh 198 (1850)。    Mamillaria texensis  Labouret; Monogr。 Cact。 89 (1858)。

Depressed; globose; usually with depressed vertex; 8 to 12 cm。 broad; 2。5 to 5 cm。 high: tubercles elongated: radial spines 10 to 22; whitish; 5 to 12 mm。 long; the lower usually the longer; stouter; and often darker; central spine 4 to 8 mm。 long; light yellowish…brown; stout; straight; and porrect: flowers 2 to 2。5 cm。 long; reddish…white: fruit incurved; 1。5 to 3 cm。 long。 (Ill。 Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 9。 figs。 4…14)。  Type unknown。

From the Guadalupe River; Texas; to the mouth of the Rio Grande; and westward to Arizona and Sonora。  Fl。 April; May。

Specimens examined: Texas (Lindheimer of 1845; 1847; 1853; Wright 226; also collections of 1849; 1852; 1853; 1855; 1856; Bigelow of 1853; Trelease of 1892; Nealley of 1892): New Mexico (Wright 311; Bigelow of 1853; Evans of 1891): Arizona (Pringle of 1881): also growing in Mo。 Bot。 Gard。 1893; and in the World's Fair collection of Mrs。 Nickels。

The radial spines are somewhat variable in relative length; often becoming almost equal; while sometimes the upper radials are very much reduced。  The figure referred to in Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 is not satisfactory as to the general habit of the plant; which is flat…topped rather than hemispherical。

6。Cactus heyderi hemisphaericus (Engelm。)。

  Mamillaria hemisphaerica  Engelm。 Pl。 Lindh。 198 (1850)。

Differs in being hemispherical instead of flat…topped; in its fewer (9 to 12) and shorter (4 to 8 mm。) radial spines; and much smaller less rough and lighter…colored seeds。  (Ill。 Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 9。 figs。 15…17)  Type; the 〃Goebel's Garden〃 plants in Herb。 Mo。 Bot。 Gard。

Throughout southern Texas and southern New Mexico; and southward; not extending so far north or west as the species; and apparently not so abundant within the United States。  Fl。 May。

Specimens examined: Texas(Schott 322; 614): New Mexico (Evans of 1891): also specimens cultivated in the Goebel Garden; St。 Louis; in 1847; brought from 〃below Matamoras on the Rio Grande〃 by the St。 Louis Volunteers; in 1816。

On account of its convex top the variety becomes somew

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