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found in the nation between the sovereign and the peasant。〃 … Ibid。;

II。 239。  〃The better class of the inhabitants of the cities; whether

traders and manufacturers or the bourgeoisie of France; are those who

were the most decided enemies of Bonaparte。〃



'8' Napoleon; desirous of forming an opinion of him; said to Roederer;

〃Send me his books。〃 〃But;〃 said Roederer; 〃he is only a translator。〃

〃No matter;〃 replied Napoleon; 〃I will read his prefaces;〃



'9' Cf。 the 〃Dictionnaire biographique;〃 published at Leipsic; 1806…

1808 (by Eymory) 4 vols。; and the 〃Almanach impérial〃 for 1807 to

1812; many other historic names are found there; and among these the

ladies of the palace。 In 1810; Comte de la Rochefoucauld is ambassador

to Holland and Comte de Mercy…Argenteau ambassador to Bavaria。



'10' The Revolution;〃 II。; 323。 (Ed。 Laffont I。 773; note 1)



'11' 〃The Revolution;〃 vol。 III。; PP。 318~322。 (Ed。 Laff。 II。 pp。 237…

240。)…



'12' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 pp。 116…119; 128。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 90…92;

100…101。)



'13' De Tilly; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 153。 〃The difference between the tone

and language of the court and that of the city was about as great as

that between Paris and the provinces。〃



'14' Hence the lack of success of the Maupeou parliament。



'15' See the collections of songs previous to the Revolution;

especially military songs such as 〃 Malgré la bataille;〃 …  〃Dans les

gardes fran?aises;〃 etc。  … At the time of the Restoration; the

pastoral or gallant songs of Florian; Bouffiers and Berquin were still

sung in bourgeois families; each person; young or old; man or woman;

singing one at the dessert。 This undercurrent of gayety; geniality and

amiability lasted throughout the Revolution and the Empire。 (〃Travels

through the South of France; 1807 and 1808;〃 p。132; by Lieutenant…

Colonel Pinkney; of the United States。) 〃I must once for all say that

the Memoirs of Marmontel are founded in nature。〃 He cites a great many

facts in proof of this; and testifies in all classes to a prompt and

social nature; a natural benevolence or habitual civility which leads

them instinctively; and not unfrequently impertinently; into acts of

kindness and consideration。〃 … The same impression is produced on

comparing the engravings; fashion…plates; light subjects and

caricatures of this period with those of the present epoch。 The

malicious sentiment begins only with Béranger; and yet his early

pieces (〃Le Roi d'Yvetot;〃 〃le Sénateur〃) display the light air;

accent and happy; instead of venomous; malice of the old song。 Nobody

now sings in the lower bourgeoisie or in gatherings of clerks or

students; while; along with the song; we have seen the other traits

which impressed foreigners disappear; the gallantry; the jesting

humor; the determination to regard life as so many hours (une serie de

quarts d'heures; each of which may be separated from the others; be

ample in themselves and agreeable to him who talks and to him or her

who listens。



'16' Read the novels of Pigault…Lebrun: books of the epoch the best

adapted to the men of the epoch; to the military parvenus; swift;

frank; lusty and narrow…minded。



'17' Candide (Récit de la Vieille)。



'18' 〃Souvenirs〃; by PASQUIER (Etienne…Dennis; duc); chancelier de

France; Librarie Plon;  Paris 1893。 〃I am sure that his imagination

was more taken with Ghengis…Khan than with Caesar。〃



'19' 〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 12; 22。 (Laff。 I。 pp。 574; 582。) (Articles

by Mailet…Dupan; 〃Mercure de France;〃 Dec。 30; 1791; and April 7;

1792。) … Napoleon; 〃Mémorial〃 (Sept。 3; 1816); thinks so too and

states the essential characteristic of the Revolution。 This consisted

in 〃telling everybody who held office; every one who had a place or a

fortune: 'Get out。'〃



'20' Roederer; III。; 534 (January 1809; on Normandy); 〃Children in

every situation think of becoming soldiers to get the cross (legion of

honor); and the cross secures the chevalier。 The desire of

distinction; of passing ahead of some one else; is a national

sentiment。〃



'21' 〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 248。 (Laff。 I。 p。 747。)



'22' Napoleon; 〃Mémoires 〃(edited by M。 de Montholon; III。; 11…19); on

the extraordinary ignorance of Cartaux。 … Ibid。; 23; on Doppet's

incapacity; the successor of Cartaux。



'23' 〃The Revolution;〃 III。; 310。 (Laff。 II。 pp。 178…179。)



'24' They called themselves exclusives under the Directory。 … Cf。 〃The

Revolution; II。; 23; 187; 196; 245; 297…303; 340…351; 354; book III。;

ch; 2 and 3; and book IV。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 582; 701; pp。 709…710;

745; 782…787; 821…823 and in Vol。 II。 pp。 131…167; pp。 167…215 and pp

311…357。)



'25' The declaration of  Human Rights in 1789 stated that: 〃art。 1st;

§ 5。 Tous les citoyens sont egalement admissible aux emplois publics。

Les peuples ne connaissent d'autres motifs de préference; dans

élections; que les vertus et les talents。〃 Virtue in French is virtue

in English while talent in French must be translated as being both

talent and skill。 (SR。)



'26' Madame de Rémusat; passim。 … Roederer; III。; 538 (January 1809)。

(Words of Napoleon)   〃I took a few of the old court into my

household。 They remained two years without speaking to me and six

months without seeing me 。 。 。  I don't like them … they are no good

for anything … their conversation is disagreeable to me。〃



'27' Napoléon; 〃Mémoires。〃



'28'  Roederer; 〃Mémoires。〃



'29' Taine uses the French expression 〃esprit〃 which might both mean

spirit; wit; mind or sense。



'30' Roederer; 〃Mémoires; 〃III。; 281。 〃Men; under his government; who

had hitherto been considered incapable are made useful; men hitherto

considered distinguished found themselves mixed in with the crowd; men

hitherto regarded as the pillars of the State found themselves useless

。 。 。 An ass or a knave need never be ambitious to approach Bonaparte;

they will make nothing out of him。〃



'31' Fiévée; 〃Correspondance;〃 III。; 33。 … Roederer; III。; 381。



'32' Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 372。



'33' Lefebvre; a former sergeant in the French guards; who became

marshal of the empire and Duc de Dantzig; with 150;000 francs a year;

received the visit of a comrade who; instead of having mounted the

ladder as he had done; had remained at the bottom of it。 The marshal;

a fine fellow; welcomed his comrade heartily; and showed him over his

hotel。 The visitor's face gradually grew somber; and bitter words

escaped from his lips; he often murmured; 〃Ah; how lucky you are!〃 …

At last; the marshal; impatient; said to him; 〃Well; I will make all

this over to you on one condition。〃 …  〃What is it?〃 …  〃You must go

down into the court。 I will post two grenadiers at the window with

their guns; and they shall fire at you。 If they miss; you shall have

the hotel and everything in it。〃  … 〃Ah; no; thanks!〃 …  〃My friend;

more shots than these have been fired at me and nearer by!〃



'34' Roederer; III。; 332 (Aug。 2; 1800)。



'35' Papers of Maine de Biran。 (Note communicated by M。 Naville。)

Letter of Baron Maurice; prefect of Dordogne; to M。 Maine de Biran;

sub…prefect of Bergerac; transmitting to him by order of the minister

of the interior a blank form to be filled up by him presenting the

〃Statistics of young ladies belonging to the most notable families of

the arrondissement。〃 The form annexed contained several columns; one

for names and given names; others for the future inheritance of real

and personal estate; etc。 A clever or energetic prefect; provided with

this list; was able and was expected to take an active part in

marriages and see that all the large dowries were appropriated on the

right side。 … 〃Memoires de Madame de …;〃 part 3rd; ch。 VIII。; p。

154。 (These very instructive memoirs by a very sincere and judicious

person are still unpublished。 I am not authorized to give the name of

the author。) 〃It was at this time that the emperor took it into his

head to marry as he saw fit th

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