the origins of contemporary france-5-第67章

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school　according　to　legal　institution。〃　　…　The　situation　is　the　same

in　Oise；　also　in　Seine　for　the　districts　of　Sceaux　and　SaintDenis。



＇72＇　Albert　Duruy；　178。　（Report　drawn　up　in　the　bureaux　of　the

ministry　of　the　interior；　year　VIII。）　〃A　detestable　selection　of　those

called　instructors；　almost　everywhere；　they　are　men　without　morals　or

education；　who　owe　their　nomination　solely　to　a　pretended　civism；

consisting　of　nothing　but　an　insensibility　to　morality　and　propriety。

。　。　。　They　affect　an　insolent　contempt　for　the　（old）　religious

opinions。〃　…　Ibid。；　p。497。　（Procès…verbaux　des　conseils…généraux。）　On

primary　school…teachers；　Hérault：　〃Most　are　blockheads　and　vagabonds。〃

…　Pas…de…Calais：〃　Most　are　blockheads　or　ignoramuses。〃



＇73＇　Rocquam；　'94。　（Report　by　Fourcroy　on　the　14th　military　division；

Manche；　Orne；　Calvados。）　〃Besides　bad　conduct；　drunkenness；　and　the

immorality　of　many　of　these　teachers；　it　seems　certain　that　the　lack

of　instruction　in　religion　is　the　principal　motive　which　prevents

parents　from　sending　their　children　to　these　schools。〃　…　Archives

nationales；　ibid。　（Report　by　Lacuée　on　the　1st　military　division。）

〃The　teachers；　male　and　female；　who　desired　to　conform　to　the　law　of

Brumaire　3　and　to　the　different　rules　prescribed　by　the　central

administration；　on　placing　the　constitution　and　the　rights　of　man　in

the　hands　of　their　pupils；　found　their　schools　abandoned　one　after　the

other。　The　schools　the　best　attended　are　those　where　the　Testament；

the　catechism；　and　the　life　of　Christ　are　used。　。　。　。　The　instructors；

obliged　to　pursue　the　line　marked　out　by　the　government；　could　not　do

otherwise　than　carry　out　the　principles　which　opposed　the　prejudices

and　habits　of　the　parents；　hence　their　loss　of　credit；　and　the　almost

total　desertion　of　the　pupils。〃



＇74＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　III。；　p。　81；　note　2。　（Laff。　II。　pp。68…69；

note　4。）



＇75＇　〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Moselle。　（Analysis　by　Ferrière。）　At

Metz；　in　1789；　there　were　five　free　schools　for　young　children；　of

which　one　was　for　boys　and　four　for　girls；　kept　by　monks　or　nuns；　in

the　year　XII　there　were　none：　〃An　entire　generation　was　given　up　to

ignorance。〃　Ibid。；　Ain；　by　Bossi；　1808：　〃In　1800；　there　were　scarcely

any　primary　schools　in　the　department；　as　in　the　rest　of　France。〃　In

1808；　there　are　scarcely　thirty。　…　Albert　Duruy；　p。480；　496。　（Procès…

verbaux　des　conseils…généraux；　year　IX。）　Vosges：　〃Scarcely　any　primary

instruction。〃　…　Sarthe：　〃Primary　instruction；　none。〃　…　Meuse…

Inférieure：　〃It　is　feared　that　in　fifteen　years　or　so　there　will　not

be　one　man　in　a　hundred　able　to　write；〃　etc。



＇76＇　These　are　the　minimum　figures；　and　they　are　arrived　at　through

the　following　calculation。　Before　1789；　47　men　out　of　100；　and　26

women　out　of　100；　that　is　to　say　36　or　37　persons　in　100；　received

primary　instruction。　Now；　according　to　the　census　from　1876　to　1881

（official　statistics　of　primary　instruction；　III。；　XVI。）；　children

from　six　to　thirteen　number　about　twelve　％　of　the　entire　population。

Accordingly；　in　1789；　out　of　a　population　of　26　millions；　the　children

from　6　to　13　numbered　3；120；000；　of　whom　1；138；000　learned　to　read　and

write。　It　must　be　noted　that；　in　1800；　the　adult　population　had

greatly　diminished；　and　that　the　infantine　population　had　largely

increased。　France；　moreover；　is　enlarged　by　12　departments　（Belgium；

Savoy；　Comtat；　Nice）；　where　the　old　schools　had　equally　perished。　…　If

all　the　old　schools　had　been　kept　up；　it　is　probable　that　the　children

who　would　have　had　primary　instruction　would　have　numbered　nearly

1；400；000。



＇77＇　Saint　Thomas；　〃Summa　theologica；〃　pars　III。；　questio　60　usque　ad

85：　〃Sacramenta　efficiunt　quod　figurant。　。　。　。　Sant　necessaria　ad

salutem　hominum。　。　。　。　Ab　ipso　verbo　incarnata　efficaciam　habent。　Ex

sua　institutione　habent　quod　conferant　gratiam。　。　。　。　Sacramentum　est

causa　grati？；　causa　agens；　principalis　et　instrumentalis。〃



＇78＇　Except　priests　ordained　by　a　bishop　of　the　Greek　church。



＇79＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。　161。　…　Archives　nationales。　（Reports　of　the

Directory　commissioners　from　the　cantons　and　departments。　…　There　are

hundreds　of　these　reports；　of　which　the　following　are　specimens。）　…

F7；　7108。　（Canton　of　Passavent；　Doubs；　Vent？se　7；　year　IV。）　　〃The　sway

of　religious　opinions　is　much　more　extensive　here　than　before　the

revolution；　because　the　mass　of　the　people　did　not　concern　themselves

about　them；　while　nowadays　they　form　among　the　generality　the　subject

of　conversation　and　complaint。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（Canton　of　Goux；　Doubs；

Pluvi？se　13；　year　IV。）　〃The　hunting　down　of　unsworn　priests；　coupled

with　the　dilapidation　and　destruction　of　the　temples；　displeased　the

people；　who　want　a　religion　and　a　cult；　the　government　became　hateful

to　them。〃　…　Ibid。　（Dordogne；　canton　of　Livrac；　Vent？se　13；　year　IV。）

〃The　demolition　of　altars；　the　closing　of　the　churches；　had　rendered

the　people　furious　under　the　Tyranny。〃　…　F7；　7129。　（Seine…Infèrieure；

canton　of　Canteleu；　Pluvi？se　12；　year　IV。）　〃I　knew　enlightened　men

who；　in　the　ancient　regime；　never　went　near　a　church；　and　yet　who

harbored　refractory　priests。〃　…　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144…

3145；　No。　1004。　（Missions　of　the　councillors　of　state　in　the　year　IX。）

At　this　date；　worship　was　everywhere　established　and　spontaneously。

（Report　by　Lacuée。）　In　Eure…et…Loire；　〃nearly　every　village　has　its

church　and　minister；　the　temples　are　open　in　the　towns　and　are　well

attended。〃　…　In　Seine…et…Oise；　〃the　Roman　Catholic　cult　prevails　in

all　the　communes　of　the　department。〃　…　In　Oise；　〃worship　is　carried　on

in　all　the　communes　of　the　department。〃…In　Loiret；　〃the　churches　are

attended　by　the　multitude　almost　as　regularly　as　before　1788。　One…

sixth　of　the　communes　（only）　have　neither　worship　nor　minister　and；　in

these　communes；　both　are　strongly　desired。〃



＇80＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　7129。　（Tarn；　canton　of　Vielmur；　Germinal

10；　year　IV。）　〃The　ignorant　now　regard　patriot　and　brigand　as

synonymous。〃



＇81＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　7108。　（Doubs；　canton　of　Vercel；　Pluvi？se

20；　year　IV。）　〃Under　the　law　of　Prairial　II；　the　unsworn　priests　were

all　recalled　by　their　former　parishioners。　Their　hold　on　the　people　is

so　strong　that　there　is　no　sacrifice　that　they　will　not　make；　no　ruse

nor　measures　that　they　will　not　employ　to　keep　them　and　elude　the

rigor　of　the　laws　bearing　on　them〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton　of　Pontarlier；

Pluvi？se　3；　year　IV。）　〃In　the　primary　assemblies；　the　aristocracy；

together　with　spite；　have　induced　the　ignorant　people　not　to　accept

the　constitution　except　on　condition　of　the　recall　of　their

transported　or　emigrant　priests　for　the　exercise　of　their　worship。〃　…

（Ibid。；　canton　of　Labergement；　Pluvi？se　14；　year　IV。）　　〃The

cultivators　adore　them。　。　。　。　I　am　the　only　citizen　of　my　canton　who；

along　with　my；　family；　offers　up　prayers　to　the　Eternal　without　any

intermediary。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（C？te…d'Or；　canton　of　Beaune；　Vent？se　5；

year　IV。）　〃Fanaticism　is　a　power　of　great　influence。〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton

of　Frolois；　Pluvi？se　9；　year　IV。）　　〃Two　unsworn　priests　returned

eighteen　months　ago；　they　are　hidden　away　and　hold　nocturnal　meetings。

。　。　They　have　seduced　and　corrupted　at　least　three…quarters　of　the

people　of　both　sexes。〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton　of　Ivry；　Pluvi？se　1；　year　IV。）

〃Fanaticism　and　popery　have　perverted　the　public　mind。〃　…　F7；　7119。

（Puy…de…D？me；　canton　of　Ambert；　Vent？se　15；　year　IV。）　　〃Five　returned

priests　have　celebrated　the　mass　here；　and　each　time　were　followed　by

3000　or　4000　persons。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（Dordogne；　canton　of　Carlux；

Pluvi？se　18；　year　IV。）　〃The　people　are　so　attached　to　the　Catholic

faith；　they　walk　fully　two　leagues　to　attend　mass。〃　…　F7；　7119。

（Ardèche；　canton　of　Saint…Barthélemy；　Pluvi？se　15；　year　IV。）　〃The

unsubmissive　priests　have　become　absolute　masters　of　popular　opinion。〃

…　（Orne；　canton　of　Alen？on；　Vent？se　22；　year　IV。）　　〃Presidents；

members　of　the　municipal　councils；　inste